# Introductory Statistics

## Educators

Problem 1

Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in
months patients live once they start the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 patients with AIDS from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A:
3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34

Andrew Gelman, “Open Data and Open Methods,” Ethics and Statistics, http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/ published/ChanceEthics1.pdf (accessed May 1, 2013).

Researcher B:
3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Determine what the key terms refer to in the example for Researcher A.
Population

Tony W.

Problem 2

Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in
months patients live once they start the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 patients with AIDS from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A:
3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34

Andrew Gelman, “Open Data and Open Methods,” Ethics and Statistics, http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/ published/ChanceEthics1.pdf (accessed May 1, 2013).

Researcher B:
3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Determine what the key terms refer to in the example for Researcher A.
Sample

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Problem 3

Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in
months patients live once they start the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 patients with AIDS from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A:
3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34

Andrew Gelman, “Open Data and Open Methods,” Ethics and Statistics, http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/ published/ChanceEthics1.pdf (accessed May 1, 2013).

Researcher B:
3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Determine what the key terms refer to in the example for Researcher A.
Parameter

Tony W.

Problem 4

Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in
months patients live once they start the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 patients with AIDS from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A:
3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34

Andrew Gelman, “Open Data and Open Methods,” Ethics and Statistics, http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/ published/ChanceEthics1.pdf (accessed May 1, 2013).

Researcher B:
3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Determine what the key terms refer to in the example for Researcher A.
Statistic

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Problem 5

Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in
months patients live once they start the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 patients with AIDS from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A:
3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34

Andrew Gelman, “Open Data and Open Methods,” Ethics and Statistics, http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/ published/ChanceEthics1.pdf (accessed May 1, 2013).

Researcher B:
3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Determine what the key terms refer to in the example for Researcher A.
Variable

Tony W.

Problem 6

“Number of times per week” is what type of data?
a. qualitative
b. quantitative discrete
c. quantitative continuous

Mihir N.

Problem 7

Use the following information to answer the next four exercises: A study was done to determine the age, number of times per week, and the duration (amount of time) of residents using a local park in San Antonio, Texas. The first house in the neighborhood around the park was selected randomly, and then the resident of every eighth house in the neighborhood around the park was interviewed.

The sampling method was
a. simple random
b. systematic
c. stratified
d. cluster

Tony W.

Problem 8

Use the following information to answer the next four exercises: A study was done to determine the age, number of times per week, and the duration (amount of time) of residents using a local park in San Antonio, Texas. The first house in the neighborhood around the park was selected randomly, and then the resident of every eighth house in the neighborhood around the park was interviewed.

“Duration (amount of time)” is what type of data?
a. qualitative
b. quantitative discrete
c. quantitative continuous

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Problem 9

Use the following information to answer the next four exercises: A study was done to determine the age, number of times per week, and the duration (amount of time) of residents using a local park in San Antonio, Texas. The first house in the neighborhood around the park was selected randomly, and then the resident of every eighth house in the neighborhood around the park was interviewed.

The colors of the houses around the park are what kind of data?
a. qualitative
b. quantitative discrete
c. quantitative continuous

Tony W.

Problem 10

Use the following information to answer the next four exercises: A study was done to determine the age, number of times per week, and the duration (amount of time) of residents using a local park in San Antonio, Texas. The first house in the neighborhood around the park was selected randomly, and then the resident of every eighth house in the neighborhood around the park was interviewed.

The population is ______________________

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Problem 11

Table 1.26 contains the total number of deaths worldwide as a result of earthquakes from 2000 to 2012.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|}\hline \text { Year } & {\text { Total Number of Deaths }} \\ \hline 2000 & {231} \\ \hline 2001 & {21,357} \\ \hline 2002 & {11,685} \\ \hline 2003 & {33,819} \\ \hline 2004 & {228,802} \\ \hline 2005 & {88,003} \\ \hline 2006 & {6,605} \\ \hline 2007 & {712} \\ \hline 2008 & {88,011} \\ \hline 2009 & {1,790} \\ \hline 2010 & {320,120} \\ \hline 2011 & {21,953} \\ \hline 2012 & {768} \\ \hline \text { Total } & {823,856} \\ \hline \end{array}$$

Use Table 1.26 to answer the following questions.
a. What is the proportion of deaths between 2007 and 2012?
b. What percent of deaths occurred before 2001?
c. What is the percent of deaths that occurred in 2003 or after 2010?
d. What is the fraction of deaths that happened before 2012?
e. What kind of data is the number of deaths?
f. Earthquakes are quantified according to the amount of energy they produce (examples are 2.1, 5.0, 6.7). What type of data is that?
g. What contributed to the large number of deaths in 2010? In 2004? Explain.

Tony W.

Problem 12

Determine the type of sampling used (simple random, stratified, systematic, cluster, or convenience).

A group of test subjects is divided into twelve groups; then four of the groups are chosen at random.

Mihir N.

Problem 13

Determine the type of sampling used (simple random, stratified, systematic, cluster, or convenience).

A market researcher polls every tenth person who walks into a store.

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Problem 14

Determine the type of sampling used (simple random, stratified, systematic, cluster, or convenience).

The first 50 people who walk into a sporting event are polled on their television preferences.

Mihir N.

Problem 15

Determine the type of sampling used (simple random, stratified, systematic, cluster, or convenience).

A computer generates 100 random numbers, and 100 people whose names correspond with the numbers on the list are chosen.

Tony W.

Problem 16

Use the following information to answer the next seven exercises: Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in months patients live once starting the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 AIDS patients from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A: 3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
Researcher B: 3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Complete the tables using the data provided:
Table 1.27 Researcher A ( Can't copy)
Table 1.28 Researcher B ( Can't copy)
Table 1.28 Researcher B ( Can't copy)

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Problem 17

Use the following information to answer the next seven exercises: Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in months patients live once starting the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 AIDS patients from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A: 3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
Researcher B: 3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Determine what the key term data refers to in the above example for Researcher A.

Tony W.

Problem 18

Use the following information to answer the next seven exercises: Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in months patients live once starting the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 AIDS patients from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A: 3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
Researcher B: 3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

List two reasons why the data may differ.

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Problem 19

Use the following information to answer the next seven exercises: Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in months patients live once starting the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 AIDS patients from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A: 3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
Researcher B: 3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Can you tell if one researcher is correct and the other one is incorrect? Why?

Tony W.

Problem 20

Use the following information to answer the next seven exercises: Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in months patients live once starting the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 AIDS patients from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A: 3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
Researcher B: 3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Would you expect the data to be identical? Why or why not?

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Problem 21

Use the following information to answer the next seven exercises: Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in months patients live once starting the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 AIDS patients from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A: 3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
Researcher B: 3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

How might the researchers gather random data?

Tony W.

Problem 22

Use the following information to answer the next seven exercises: Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in months patients live once starting the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 AIDS patients from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A: 3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
Researcher B: 3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Suppose that the first researcher conducted his survey by randomly choosing one state in the nation and then randomly picking 40 patients from that state. What sampling method would that researcher have used?

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Problem 23

Use the following information to answer the next seven exercises: Studies are often done by pharmaceutical companies to determine the effectiveness of a treatment program. Suppose that a new AIDS antibody drug is currently under study. It is given to patients once the AIDS symptoms have revealed themselves. Of interest is the average (mean) length of time in months patients live once starting the treatment. Two researchers each follow a different set of 40 AIDS patients from the start of treatment until their deaths. The following data (in months) are collected.

Researcher A: 3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
Researcher B: 3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29

Suppose that the second researcher conducted his survey by choosing 40 patients he knew. What sampling method would that researcher have used? What concerns would you have about this data set, based upon the data collection method?

Tony W.

Problem 24

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: Two researchers are gathering data on hours of video games played by school-aged children and young adults. They each randomly sample different groups of 150 students from the same school. They collect the following data.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {26} & {0.17} & {0.17} \\ \hline 2-4 & {30} & {0.20} & {0.37} \\ \hline 4-6 & {49} & {0.33} & {0.70} \\ \hline 6-8 & {25} & {0.17} & {0.87} \\ \hline 8-10 & {12} & {0.8} & {0.95} \\ \hline 10-12 & {8} & {0.05} & {1} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.29 Researcher A

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {0.48} & {0.32} & {0.32} \\ \hline 2-4 & {51} & {0.34} & {0.66} \\ \hline 4-6 & {24} & {0.16} & {0.82} \\ \hline 6-8 & {12} & {0.08} & {0.90} \\ \hline 8-10 & {11} & {0.07} & {0.97} \\ \hline 10-12 & {4} & {0.03} & {1} \\ \hline \end{array}$$
Table 1.30 Researcher B

Give a reason why the data may differ.

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Problem 25

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: Two researchers are gathering data on hours of video games played by school-aged children and young adults. They each randomly sample different groups of 150 students from the same school. They collect the following data.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {26} & {0.17} & {0.17} \\ \hline 2-4 & {30} & {0.20} & {0.37} \\ \hline 4-6 & {49} & {0.33} & {0.70} \\ \hline 6-8 & {25} & {0.17} & {0.87} \\ \hline 8-10 & {12} & {0.8} & {0.95} \\ \hline 10-12 & {8} & {0.05} & {1} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.29 Researcher A

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {0.48} & {0.32} & {0.32} \\ \hline 2-4 & {51} & {0.34} & {0.66} \\ \hline 4-6 & {24} & {0.16} & {0.82} \\ \hline 6-8 & {12} & {0.08} & {0.90} \\ \hline 8-10 & {11} & {0.07} & {0.97} \\ \hline 10-12 & {4} & {0.03} & {1} \\ \hline \end{array}$$
Table 1.30 Researcher B

Would the sample size be large enough if the population is the students in the school?

Tony W.

Problem 26

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: Two researchers are gathering data on hours of video games played by school-aged children and young adults. They each randomly sample different groups of 150 students from the same school. They collect the following data.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {26} & {0.17} & {0.17} \\ \hline 2-4 & {30} & {0.20} & {0.37} \\ \hline 4-6 & {49} & {0.33} & {0.70} \\ \hline 6-8 & {25} & {0.17} & {0.87} \\ \hline 8-10 & {12} & {0.8} & {0.95} \\ \hline 10-12 & {8} & {0.05} & {1} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.29 Researcher A

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {0.48} & {0.32} & {0.32} \\ \hline 2-4 & {51} & {0.34} & {0.66} \\ \hline 4-6 & {24} & {0.16} & {0.82} \\ \hline 6-8 & {12} & {0.08} & {0.90} \\ \hline 8-10 & {11} & {0.07} & {0.97} \\ \hline 10-12 & {4} & {0.03} & {1} \\ \hline \end{array}$$
Table 1.30 Researcher B

Would the sample size be large enough if the population is school-aged children and young adults in the United States?

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Problem 27

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: Two researchers are gathering data on hours of video games played by school-aged children and young adults. They each randomly sample different groups of 150 students from the same school. They collect the following data.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {26} & {0.17} & {0.17} \\ \hline 2-4 & {30} & {0.20} & {0.37} \\ \hline 4-6 & {49} & {0.33} & {0.70} \\ \hline 6-8 & {25} & {0.17} & {0.87} \\ \hline 8-10 & {12} & {0.8} & {0.95} \\ \hline 10-12 & {8} & {0.05} & {1} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.29 Researcher A

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {0.48} & {0.32} & {0.32} \\ \hline 2-4 & {51} & {0.34} & {0.66} \\ \hline 4-6 & {24} & {0.16} & {0.82} \\ \hline 6-8 & {12} & {0.08} & {0.90} \\ \hline 8-10 & {11} & {0.07} & {0.97} \\ \hline 10-12 & {4} & {0.03} & {1} \\ \hline \end{array}$$
Table 1.30 Researcher B

Researcher A concludes that most students play video games between four and six hours each week. Researcher B concludes that most students play video games between two and four hours each week. Who is correct?

Tony W.

Problem 28

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: Two researchers are gathering data on hours of video games played by school-aged children and young adults. They each randomly sample different groups of 150 students from the same school. They collect the following data.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {26} & {0.17} & {0.17} \\ \hline 2-4 & {30} & {0.20} & {0.37} \\ \hline 4-6 & {49} & {0.33} & {0.70} \\ \hline 6-8 & {25} & {0.17} & {0.87} \\ \hline 8-10 & {12} & {0.8} & {0.95} \\ \hline 10-12 & {8} & {0.05} & {1} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.29 Researcher A

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Hours Played per week } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0-2 & {0.48} & {0.32} & {0.32} \\ \hline 2-4 & {51} & {0.34} & {0.66} \\ \hline 4-6 & {24} & {0.16} & {0.82} \\ \hline 6-8 & {12} & {0.08} & {0.90} \\ \hline 8-10 & {11} & {0.07} & {0.97} \\ \hline 10-12 & {4} & {0.03} & {1} \\ \hline \end{array}$$
Table 1.30 Researcher B

As part of a way to reward students for participating in the survey, the researchers gave each student a gift card to a video game store. Would this affect the data if students knew about the award before the study?

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Problem 29

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: A pair of studies was performed to measure the effectiveness of a new software program designed to help stroke patients regain their problem solving skills. Patients were asked to use the software program twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. The studies observed 200 stroke patients recovering over a period of several weeks. The first study collected the data in Table 1.31. The second study collected the data in Table 1.32.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {142} & {43} & {15} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {72} & {110} & {18} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.31

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {105} & {74} & {19} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {89} & {99} & {12}\\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.32

Given what you know, which study is correct?

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Problem 30

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: A pair of studies was performed to measure the effectiveness of a new software program designed to help stroke patients regain their problem solving skills. Patients were asked to use the software program twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. The studies observed 200 stroke patients recovering over a period of several weeks. The first study collected the data in Table 1.31. The second study collected the data in Table 1.32.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {142} & {43} & {15} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {72} & {110} & {18} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.31

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {105} & {74} & {19} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {89} & {99} & {12}\\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.32

The first study was performed by the company that designed the software program. The second study was performed by the American Medical Association. Which study is more reliable?

Mihir N.

Problem 31

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: A pair of studies was performed to measure the effectiveness of a new software program designed to help stroke patients regain their problem solving skills. Patients were asked to use the software program twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. The studies observed 200 stroke patients recovering over a period of several weeks. The first study collected the data in Table 1.31. The second study collected the data in Table 1.32.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {142} & {43} & {15} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {72} & {110} & {18} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.31

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {105} & {74} & {19} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {89} & {99} & {12}\\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.32

Both groups that performed the study concluded that the software works. Is this accurate?

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Problem 32

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: A pair of studies was performed to measure the effectiveness of a new software program designed to help stroke patients regain their problem solving skills. Patients were asked to use the software program twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. The studies observed 200 stroke patients recovering over a period of several weeks. The first study collected the data in Table 1.31. The second study collected the data in Table 1.32.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {142} & {43} & {15} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {72} & {110} & {18} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.31

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {105} & {74} & {19} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {89} & {99} & {12}\\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.32

The company takes the two studies as proof that their software causes mental improvement in stroke patients. Is this a fair statement?

Mihir N.

Problem 33

Use the following data to answer the next five exercises: A pair of studies was performed to measure the effectiveness of a new software program designed to help stroke patients regain their problem solving skills. Patients were asked to use the software program twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. The studies observed 200 stroke patients recovering over a period of several weeks. The first study collected the data in Table 1.31. The second study collected the data in Table 1.32.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {142} & {43} & {15} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {72} & {110} & {18} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.31

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Group } & {\text { Showed improvement }} & {\text { No improvement }} & {\text { Deterioration }} \\ \hline \text { Used program } & {105} & {74} & {19} \\ \hline \text { Did not use program } & {89} & {99} & {12}\\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.32

Patients who used the software were also a part of an exercise program whereas patients who did not use the software were not. Does this change the validity of the conclusions from Exercise 1.31?

Tony W.

Problem 34

Is a sample size of 1,000 a reliable measure for a population of 5,000?

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Problem 35

Is a sample of 500 volunteers a reliable measure for a population of 2,500?

Tony W.

Problem 36

A question on a survey reads: "Do you prefer the delicious taste of Brand $X$ or the taste of Brand $Y?$" Is this a fair question?

Mihir N.

Problem 37

Is a sample size of two representative of a population of five?

Tony W.

Problem 38

Is it possible for two experiments to be well run with similar sample sizes to get different data?

Mihir N.

Problem 39

What type of measure scale is being used? Nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.
a. High school soccer players classified by their athletic ability: Superior, Average, Above average
b. Baking temperatures for various main dishes: 350, 400, 325, 250, 300
c. The colors of crayons in a 24-crayon box
d. Social security numbers
e. Incomes measured in dollars
f. A satisfaction survey of a social website by number: 1 = very satisfied, 2 = somewhat satisfied, 3 = not satisfied
g. Political outlook: extreme left, left-of-center, right-of-center, extreme right
h. Time of day on an analog watch
i. The distance in miles to the closest grocery store
j. The dates 1066, 1492, 1644, 1947, and 1944
k. The heights of 21–65 year-old women
l. Common letter grades: A, B, C, D, and F

Tony W.

Problem 40

Design an experiment. Identify the explanatory and response variables. Describe the population being studied and the experimental units. Explain the treatments that will be used and how they will be assigned to the experimental units. Describe how blinding and placebos may be used to counter the power of suggestion.

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Problem 41

Discuss potential violations of the rule requiring informed consent.
a. Inmates in a correctional facility are offered good behavior credit in return for participation in a study.
b. A research study is designed to investigate a new children’s allergy medication.
c. Participants in a study are told that the new medication being tested is highly promising, but they are not told that only a small portion of participants will receive the new medication. Others will receive placebo treatments and traditional treatments.

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Problem 42

For each of the following eight exercises, identify: a. the population, b. the sample, c. the parameter, d. the statistic, e. the variable, and f. the data. Give examples where appropriate.

A fitness center is interested in the mean amount of time a client exercises in the center each week.

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Problem 43

For each of the following eight exercises, identify: a. the population, b. the sample, c. the parameter, d. the statistic, e. the variable, and f. the data. Give examples where appropriate.

Ski resorts are interested in the mean age that children take their first ski and snowboard lessons. They need this information to plan their ski classes optimally.

Tony W.

Problem 44

For each of the following eight exercises, identify: a. the population, b. the sample, c. the parameter, d. the statistic, e. the variable, and f. the data. Give examples where appropriate.

A cardiologist is interested in the mean recovery period of her patients who have had heart attacks.

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Problem 45

For each of the following eight exercises, identify: a. the population, b. the sample, c. the parameter, d. the statistic, e. the variable, and f. the data. Give examples where appropriate.

Insurance companies are interested in the mean health costs each year of their clients, so that they can determine the costs of health insurance.

Tony W.

Problem 46

For each of the following eight exercises, identify: a. the population, b. the sample, c. the parameter, d. the statistic, e. the variable, and f. the data. Give examples where appropriate.

A politician is interested in the proportion of voters in his district who think he is doing a good job.

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Problem 47

For each of the following eight exercises, identify: a. the population, b. the sample, c. the parameter, d. the statistic, e. the variable, and f. the data. Give examples where appropriate.

A marriage counselor is interested in the proportion of clients she counsels who stay married.

Tony W.

Problem 48

For each of the following eight exercises, identify: a. the population, b. the sample, c. the parameter, d. the statistic, e. the variable, and f. the data. Give examples where appropriate.

Political pollsters may be interested in the proportion of people who will vote for a particular cause.

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Problem 49

For each of the following eight exercises, identify: a. the population, b. the sample, c. the parameter, d. the statistic, e. the variable, and f. the data. Give examples where appropriate.

A marketing company is interested in the proportion of people who will buy a particular product.

Tony W.

Problem 50

A Lake Tahoe Community College instructor is interested in the mean number of days Lake Tahoe Community College math students are absent from class during a quarter.

What is the population she is interested in?
a. all Lake Tahoe Community College students
b. all Lake Tahoe Community College English students
c. all Lake Tahoe Community College students in her classes
d. all Lake Tahoe Community College math students

Mihir N.

Problem 51

A Lake Tahoe Community College instructor is interested in the mean number of days Lake Tahoe Community College math students are absent from class during a quarter.

Consider the following:
$X$ = number of days a Lake Tahoe Community College math student is absent
In this case, X is an example of a:
a. variable.
b. population.
c. statistic.
d. data.

Tony W.

Problem 52

The instructor’s sample produces a mean number of days absent of 3.5 days. This value is an example of a:
a. parameter.
b. data.
c. statistic.
d. variable.

Mihir N.

Problem 53

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Number of tickets sold to a concert

Tony W.

Problem 54

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Percent of body fat

Mihir N.

Problem 55

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Favorite baseball team

Tony W.

Problem 56

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Time in line to buy groceries

Mihir N.

Problem 57

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Number of students enrolled at Evergreen Valley College

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Problem 58

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Most-watched television show

Mihir N.

Problem 59

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Brand of toothpaste

Tony W.

Problem 60

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Distance to the closest movie theatre

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Problem 61

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Age of executives in Fortune 500 companies

Tony W.

Problem 62

Identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response (quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.

Number of competing computer spreadsheet software packages

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Problem 63

A study was done to determine the age, number of times per week, and the duration (amount of time) of resident use of a local park in San Jose. The first house in the neighborhood around the park was selected randomly and then every 8th house in the neighborhood around the park was interviewed.

“Number of times per week” is what type of data?
a. qualitative
b. quantitative discrete
c. quantitative continuous

Tony W.

Problem 64

A study was done to determine the age, number of times per week, and the duration (amount of time) of resident use of a local park in San Jose. The first house in the neighborhood around the park was selected randomly and then every 8th house in the neighborhood around the park was interviewed.

“Duration (amount of time)” is what type of data?
a. qualitative
b. quantitative discrete
c. quantitative continuous

Mihir N.

Problem 65

Airline companies are interested in the consistency of the number of babies on each flight, so that they have adequate safety equipment. Suppose an airline conducts a survey. Over Thanksgiving weekend, it surveys six flights from Boston to Salt Lake City to determine the number of babies on the flights. It determines the amount of safety equipment needed by the result of that study.
a. Using complete sentences, list three things wrong with the way the survey was conducted.
b. Using complete sentences, list three ways that you would improve the survey if it were to be repeated.

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Problem 66

Suppose you want to determine the mean number of students per statistics class in your state. Describe a possible sampling method in three to five complete sentences. Make the description detailed.

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Problem 67

Suppose you want to determine the mean number of cans of soda drunk each month by students in their twenties at your school. Describe a possible sampling method in three to five complete sentences. Make the description detailed.

Tony W.

Problem 68

List some practical difficulties involved in getting accurate results from a telephone survey.

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Problem 69

List some practical difficulties involved in getting accurate results from a mailed survey.

Tony W.

Problem 70

With your classmates, brainstorm some ways you could overcome these problems if you needed to conduct a phone or mail survey.

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Problem 71

The instructor takes her sample by gathering data on five randomly selected students from each Lake Tahoe Community College math class. The type of sampling she used is
a. cluster sampling
b. stratified sampling
c. simple random sampling
d. convenience sampling

Tony W.

Problem 72

A study was done to determine the age, number of times per week, and the duration (amount of time) of residents using a local park in San Jose. The first house in the neighborhood around the park was selected randomly and then every eighth house in the neighborhood around the park was interviewed. The sampling method was:
a. simple random
b. systematic
c. stratified
d. cluster

Mihir N.

Problem 73

Name the sampling method used in each of the following situations:
a. A woman in the airport is handing out questionnaires to travelers asking them to evaluate the airport’s service. She does not ask travelers who are hurrying through the airport with their hands full of luggage, but instead asks all travelers who are sitting near gates and not taking naps while they wait.
b. A teacher wants to know if her students are doing homework, so she randomly selects rows two and five and then calls on all students in row two and all students in row five to present the solutions to homework problems to the class.
c. The marketing manager for an electronics chain store wants information about the ages of its customers. Over the next two weeks, at each store location, 100 randomly selected customers are given questionnaires to fill out asking for information about age, as well as about other variables of interest.
d. The librarian at a public library wants to determine what proportion of the library users are children. The librarian has a tally sheet on which she marks whether books are checked out by an adult or a child. She records this data for every fourth patron who checks out books.
e. A political party wants to know the reaction of voters to a debate between the candidates. The
after the debate, the party’s polling staff calls 1,200 randomly selected phone numbers. If a registered voter answers the phone or is available to come to the phone, that registered voter is asked whom he or she intends to vote for and whether the debate changed his or her opinion of the candidates.

Tony W.

Problem 74

A “random survey” was conducted of 3,274 people of the “microprocessor generation” (people born since 1971, the year the microprocessor was invented). It was reported that 48% of those individuals surveyed stated that if they had $2,000 to spend, they would use it for computer equipment. Also, 66% of those surveyed considered themselves relatively savvy computer users. a. Do you consider the sample size large enough for a study of this type? Why or why not? b. Based on your “gut feeling,” do you believe the percents accurately reflect the U.S. population for those individuals born since 1971? If not, do you think the percents of the population are actually higher or lower than the sample statistics? Why? Additional information: The survey, reported by Intel Corporation, was filled out by individuals who visited the Los Angeles Convention Center to see the Smithsonian Institute's road show called “America’s Smithsonian.” c. With this additional information, do you feel that all demographic and ethnic groups were equally represented at the event? Why or why not? d. With the additional information, comment on how accurately you think the sample statistics reflect the population parameters. Check back soon! Problem 75 The Gallup-Health ways Well-Being Index is a survey that follows trends of U.S. residents on a regular basis. There are six areas of health and wellness covered in the survey: Life Evaluation, Emotional Health, Physical Health, Healthy Behavior, Work Environment, and Basic Access. Some of the questions used to measure the Index are listed below. Identify the type of data obtained from each question used in this survey: qualitative, quantitative discrete, or quantitative continuous. a. Do you have any health problems that prevent you from doing any of the things people your age can normally do? b. During the past 30 days, for about how many days did poor health keep you from doing your usual activities? c. In the last seven days, on how many days did you exercise for 30 minutes or more? d. Do you have health insurance coverage? Tony W. Numerade Educator Problem 76 In advance of the 1936 Presidential Election, a magazine titled Literary Digest released the results of an opinion poll predicting that the republican candidate Alf Landon would win by a large margin. The magazine sent post cards to approximately 10,000,000 prospective voters. These prospective voters were selected from the subscription list of the magazine, from automobile registration lists, from phone lists, and from club membership lists. Approximately 2,300,000 people returned the postcards. a. Think about the state of the United States in 1936. Explain why a sample chosen from magazine subscription lists, automobile registration lists, phone books, and club membership lists was not representative of the population of the United States at that time. b. What effect does the low response rate have on the reliability of the sample? c. Are these problems examples of sampling error or non sampling error? d. During the same year, George Gallup conducted his own poll of 30,000 prospective voters. His researchers used a method they called "quota sampling" to obtain survey answers from specific subsets of the population. Quota sampling is an example of which sampling method described in this module? Check back soon! Problem 77 Crime-related and demographic statistics for 47 US states in 1960 were collected from government agencies, including the FBI's Uniform Crime Report. One analysis of this data found a strong connection between education and crime indicating that higher levels of education in a community correspond to higher crime rates. Which of the potential problems with samples discussed in Section 1.2 could explain this connection? Check back soon! Problem 78 You Polls is a website that allows anyone to create and respond to polls. One question posted April 15 asks: "Do you feel happy paying your taxes when members of the Obama administration are allowed to ignore their tax liabilities?"$^{[5]}$As of April 25, 11 people responded to this question. Each participant answered “NO!” Which of the potential problems with samples discussed in this module could explain this connection? Check back soon! Problem 79 A scholarly article about response rates begins with the following quote: “Declining contact and cooperation rates in random digit dial (RDD) national telephone surveys raise serious concerns about the validity of estimates drawn from such research.”$^{[6]}$The Pew Research Center for People and the Press admits: 5. lastbaldeagle. 2013. On Tax Day, House to Call for Firing Federal Workers Who Owe Back Taxes. Opinion poll posted online at: http://www.youpolls.com/details.aspx?id=12328 (accessed May 1, 2013). “The percentage of people we interview – out of all we try to interview – has been declining over the past decade or more.”$^{[7]}$a. What are some reasons for the decline in response rate over the past decade? b. Explain why researchers are concerned with the impact of the declining response rate on public opinion polls. Check back soon! Problem 80 Fifty part-time students were asked how many courses they were taking this term. The (incomplete) results are shown below: $$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \# \text { of Courses } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 1 & {30} & {0.6} \\ \hline 2 & {15} \\ \hline 3 & {} \\ \hline\end{array}$$ Table 1.33 Part-time Student Course Loads a. Fill in the blanks in Table 1.33. b. What percent of students take exactly two courses? c. What percent of students take one or two courses? Ruth C. Numerade Educator Problem 81 Sixty adults with gum disease were asked the number of times per week they used to floss before their diagnosis. The (incomplete) results are shown in Table 1.34. $$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \# \text { of Courses } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 1 & {27} & {0.4500} \\ \hline 2 & {18} \\ \hline 3 & {} & {} & {0.933} \\ \hline 6 & {3} & {0.500} & {}\\ \hline 7 & {1} & {0.0167} & { } \\ \hline \end{array}$$ Table 1.34 Flossing Frequency for Adults with Gum Disease a. Fill in the blanks in Table 1.34. b. What percent of adults flossed six times per week? c. What percent flossed at most three times per week? Tony W. Numerade Educator Problem 82 Nineteen immigrants to the U.S were asked how many years, to the nearest year, they have lived in the U.S. The data are as follows: 2; 5; 7; 2; 2; 10; 20; 15; 0; 7; 0; 20; 5; 12; 15; 12; 4; 5; 10. Table 1.35 was produced. $$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline \text { Data } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 0 & {2} & {\frac{2}{19}} & {0.1053} \\ \hline\end{array}$$ 6. Scott Keeter et al., “Gauging the Impact of Growing Nonresponse on Estimates from a National RDD Telephone Survey,” Public Opinion Quarterly 70 no. 5 (2006), http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/70/5/759.full (http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/70/5/759.full) (accessed May 1, 2013). 7. Frequently Asked Questions, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, http://www.people-press.org/methodology/ frequently-asked-questions/#dont-you-have-trouble-getting-people-to-answer-your-polls (accessed May 1, 2013). (TABLE CAN'T COPY) Table 1.35 Frequency of Immigrant Survey Responses a. Fix the errors in Table 1.35. Also, explain how someone might have arrived at the incorrect number(s). b. Explain what is wrong with this statement: “47 percent of the people surveyed have lived in the U.S. for 5 years.” c. Fix the statement in b to make it correct. d. What fraction of the people surveyed have lived in the U.S. five or seven years? e. What fraction of the people surveyed have lived in the U.S. at most 12 years? f. What fraction of the people surveyed have lived in the U.S. fewer than 12 years? g. What fraction of the people surveyed have lived in the U.S. from five to 20 years, inclusive? Tony W. Numerade Educator Problem 83 How much time does it take to travel to work? Table 1.36 shows the mean commute time by state for workers at least 16 years old who are not working at home. Find the mean travel time, and round off the answer properly. $$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline 24.0 & {24.3} & {25.9} & {18.9} & {27.5} & {17.9} & {21.8} & {20.9} & {16.7} & {27.3} \\ \hline 18.2 & {24.7} & {20.0} & {22.6} & {23.9} & {18.0} & {31.4} & {22.3} & {24.0} & {25.5} \\ \hline 24.7 & {24.6} & {28.1} & {24.9} & {22.6} & {23.6} & {23.4} & {25.7} & {24.8} & {25.5} \\ \hline 21.2 & {25.7} & {23.1} & {23.0} & {23.9} & {26.0} & {16.3} & {23.1} & {21.4} & {21.5} \\ \hline 27.0 & {27.0} & {31.6} & {31.7} & {23.3} & {30.1} & {22.9} & {23.3} & {21.7} & {18.6} \\ \hline \end{array}$$ Table 1.36 Tony W. Numerade Educator Problem 84 Forbes magazine published data on the best small firms in 2012. These were firms which had been publicly traded for at least a year, have a stock price of at least$\$5$ per share, and have reported annual revenue between $\$ 5$million and$\$1$ billion. Table 1.37 shows the ages of the chief executive officers for the first 60 ranked firms.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Age } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 40-44 & {3} \\ \hline 45-49 & {11} \\ \hline 50-54 & {13} \\ \hline 55-59 & {16} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.37

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Age } & {\text { Frequency }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Relative Frequency }} \\ \hline 60-64 & {10} \\ \hline 65-69 & {6} \\ \hline 70-74 & {1} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.37

a. What is the frequency for CEO ages between 54 and 65?
b. What percentage of CEOs are 65 years or older?
c. What is the relative frequency of ages under 50?
d. What is the cumulative relative frequency for CEOs younger than 55?
e. Which graph shows the relative frequency and which shows the cumulative relative frequency?

(Graph can't copy)

Tony W.

Problem 85

Table 1.38 contains data on hurricanes that have made direct hits on the U.S. Between 1851 and 2004. A hurricane is given a strength category rating based on the minimum wind speed generated by the storm.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Category } & {\text { Number of Direct Hits }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Frequency }} \\ \hline 1 & {109} & {0.3993} & {0.3993} \\ \hline 2 & {72} & {0.2637} & {0.6630} \\ \hline 3 & {71} & {0.2601} & {} \\ \hline 4 & {18} & {} & {0.9890} \\ \hline 5 & {3} & {0.0110} & {1.0000} \\ \hline & {\text { Total }=273} & {} & {} \\ \hline \end{array}$$
Table 1.38 Frequency of Hurricane Direct Hits

What is the relative frequency of direct hits that were category 4 hurricanes?
a. 0.0768
b. 0.0659
c. 0.2601
d. Not enough information to calculate

Tony W.

Problem 86

Table 1.38 contains data on hurricanes that have made direct hits on the U.S. Between 1851 and 2004. A hurricane is given a strength category rating based on the minimum wind speed generated by the storm.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Category } & {\text { Number of Direct Hits }} & {\text { Relative Frequency }} & {\text { Cumulative Frequency }} \\ \hline 1 & {109} & {0.3993} & {0.3993} \\ \hline 2 & {72} & {0.2637} & {0.6630} \\ \hline 3 & {71} & {0.2601} & {} \\ \hline 4 & {18} & {} & {0.9890} \\ \hline 5 & {3} & {0.0110} & {1.0000} \\ \hline & {\text { Total }=273} & {} & {} \\ \hline \end{array}$$
Table 1.38 Frequency of Hurricane Direct Hits

What is the relative frequency of direct hits that were AT MOST a category 3 storm?
a. 0.3480
b. 0.9231
c. 0.2601
d. 0.3370

Tony W.

Problem 87

How does sleep deprivation affect your ability to drive? A recent study measured the effects on 19 professional drivers. Each driver participated in two experimental sessions: one after normal sleep and one after 27 hours of total sleep deprivation. The treatments were assigned in random order. In each session, performance was measured on a variety of tasks including a driving simulation.

Use key terms from this module to describe the design of this experiment.

Check back soon!

Problem 88

An advertisement for Acme Investments displays the two graphs in Figure 1.14 to show the value of Acme’s product in comparison with the Other Guy’s product. Describe the potentially misleading visual effect of these comparison graphs. How can this be corrected?

Figure 1.14 (Can't copy)

Tony W.

Problem 89

The graph in Figure 1.15 shows the number of complaints for six different airlines as reported to the US Department of Transportation in February 2013. Alaska, Pinnacle, and Airtran Airlines have far fewer complaints reported than American, Delta, and United. Can we conclude that American, Delta, and United are the worst airline carriers since they have the most complaints?

(Figure 1.15 Can't Copy)

Tony W.

Problem 90

Seven hundred and seventy-one distance learning students at Long Beach City College responded to surveys in the 2010-11 academic year. Highlights of the summary report are listed in Table 1.39.

$$\begin{array}{|l|l|}\hline \text { Have computer at home } & {96 \%} \\ \hline \text { Unable to come to campus for classes } & {65 \%} \\ \hline \text { Age 41 or over } & {24 \%} \\ \hline \text { Would like LBCC to offer more DL courses } & {95 \%} \\ \hline \text { Took D L classes due to a disability } & {17 \%} \\ \hline \text { Live at least 16 miles from campus } & {13 \%} \\ \hline \text { TTook DL courses to fulfill transfer requirements } & {71 \%} \\ \hline\end{array}$$
Table 1.39 LBCC Distance Learning Survey Results

a. What percent of the students surveyed do not have a computer at home?
b. About how many students in the survey live at least 16 miles from campus?
c. If the same survey were done at Great Basin College in Elko, Nevada, do you think the percentages would be the same? Why?

Tony W.