Chapter Questions
Which of the following are most closely associated with oxygen transport? (a) red blood cells (b) platelets (c) neutrophils (d) basophils (e) lymphocytes
The sinoatrial (SA) node (a) initiates diastole (b) conducts impulses directly to the muscle fibers of both ventricles (c) briefly delays transmission before the action potential continues into the ventricles (d) transmits action potentials directly into the atrial muscle fibers (e) consists of smooth muscle fibers
A cardiac cycle (a) consists of one ventricular heartbeat (b) includes a systole (c) equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate (d) includes a diastole (e) includes a systole and a diastole
Blood pressure can be significantly affected by (a) cardiac output (b) peripheral resistance (c) blood volume (d) a, b, and $c$ (e) a and b only
Lymph forms from (a) fluid in the lymph nodes (b) blood serum (c) plasma combined with protein (d) fluid released by lymph nodes (e) interstitial fluid
Norepinephrine (a) slows heart rate (b) is released in cardiac muscle by parasympathetic nerves (c) causes $\mathrm{K}^{+}$ channels in cardiac muscle to open (d) decreases stroke volume (e) causes $\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$ channels in cardiac muscle to open
Baroreceptors (a) stimulate renin release (b) activate the reninangiotensin-aldosterone pathway (c) stimulate sympathetic nerves (d) are stimulated by increased blood pressure (e) send messages to cardiac centers that increase blood pressure
Which sequence below describes an accurate sequence of blood flow? $1 .$ pulmonary artery $2 .$ pulmonary vein $3 .$ left atrium 4. right atrium 5. pulmonary capillaries (a) 2,1,4,3(b) 3,4,2,5(c) 1,5,2,3(d) 4,1,5,2(e) 1,5,2,4
Draw a simple cross section of a vein, a capillary, and an artery. Label connective tissue, endothelium, and smooth muscle, if present. How does the structure of each of these vessels relate to its function?
When the nerves to the heart are cut, the heart rate increases to about 100 contractions per minute. What does this increase indicate about regulation of the heart rate?
A heart divided into four chambers independently evolved in birds and mammals. What are the benefits of this adaptation?
How is the heart of a fish specifically adapted to its lifestyle?
Explain the association between atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Imagine that you were the Surgeon General of the United States. What types of programs would you advocate to decrease heart disease? Do you think that as a society we should invest resources into the development of stem cell therapies for more effective treatment of myocardial infarction?