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Introduction to Chemistry

Bishop

Chapter 15

Solution Dynamics - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

01:13

Problem 1

In the past, sodium bromide was used medically as a sedative. Describe the process by which this ionic compound dissolves in water, including the nature of the particles in solution and the attractions between the particles in the solution. Identify the solute and solvent in this solution.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:53

Problem 2

Draw a reasonable Lewis structure and a geometric sketch for each of the following molecules. Identify each compound as polar or nonpolar.
a. $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_6$
c. $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CO}_2 \mathrm{H}$
b. $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH}$

Lijeesh Krishnan
Lijeesh Krishnan
Numerade Educator
03:48

Problem 3

For each of the following substances, write the name for the type of particle viewed as forming the structure of its solid, liquid, or gas, and write the name of the type of attraction holding these particles in the solid and liquid form.
a. heptane, $\mathrm{C}_7 \mathrm{H}_{16}$
d. methanol, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{OH}$
b. formic acid, $\mathrm{HCO}_2 \mathrm{H}$
e. iodine, $\mathrm{I}_2$
c. copper(II) sulfate, $\mathrm{CuSO}_4$
f. carbon dioxide, $\mathrm{CO}_2$

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator
03:07

Problem 4

When liquid propane is pumped into an empty tank, some of the liquid evaporates, after which both liquid and gaseous propane are present in the tank. Explain why the system adjusts so that there is a constant amount of liquid and gas in the container. With reference to the constant changes that take place inside the container, explain why this system can be described as a dynamic equilibrium.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
It is common for scientists to develop and explain their ideas by considering
_____________ systems first.

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Problem 6

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
In real systems, which provide a huge number of possible positions for particles,
there is an extremely high probability that substances will shift from the less
dispersed, _____________ form, which has fewer ways of arranging the particles,
to the more dispersed, _____________ form, which has more ways of arranging
particles.

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Problem 7

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
We can apply the conclusions derived from the consideration of simplified systems
to _____________ systems.

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Problem 8

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
Particles of matter tend to become more _____________ (spread out).

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Problem 9

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
Because there are more possible arrangements for gas particles when they are
dispersed throughout a container than when they are concentrated in one corner
of it, _____________ suggests that they will spread out to fill the total volume
available to them.

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Problem 10

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
Miscible liquids can be mixed in _____________ without any limit to their
solubility.

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Problem 11

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
If less than 1 gram of the substance will dissolve in 100 milliliters (or 100 g) of
solvent, the substance is considered _____________.

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Problem 12

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
If more than _____________ grams of substance will dissolve in 100 milliliters
(or 100 g) of solvent, the substance is considered soluble.

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Problem 13

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
If between 1 and 10 grams of a substance will dissolve in 100 milliliters (or 100
g) of solvent, the substance is considered _____________ soluble.

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Problem 14

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
Polar substances are likely to dissolve in _____________.

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Problem 15

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
Nonpolar substances are likely to dissolve in _____________.

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Problem 16

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
Nonpolar substances are _____________ likely to dissolve to a significant degree
in polar solvents.

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Problem 17

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
_____________ are not likely to dissolve to a significant degree in nonpolar
solvents.

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Problem 18

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
Substances composed of _____________ polar molecules are usually soluble in
water.

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Problem 19

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
A polar section of a molecule, which is _____________ to water, is called
hydrophilic (literally, “water loving”), and a(n) _____________ part of the
molecule, which is not expected to be attracted to water, is called hydrophobic
(“water fearing”).

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Problem 20

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
If we need to predict the relative water solubility of two similar molecules, we can
expect the one with the proportionally _____________ polar portion to have
higher water solubility.

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Problem 21

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
Soap can be made from animal _____________ and vegetable _____________,
which in turn are composed of triglycerides.

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Problem 22

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
A higher number of carbon-carbon double bonds in a triglyceride’s molecules
causes it to be _____________ at room temperature.

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Problem 23

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
A soap is an ionic compound composed of a(n) _____________ (usually sodium
or potassium) and an anion with the general form RCO2
-, in which R represents
a(n) _____________ hydrocarbon group.

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Problem 24

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
The _____________, nonpolar hydrocarbon portion of each soap anion does not
mix easily with water, but the _____________, negatively charged end of each
anion does form attractions to water molecules, and these attractions are strong
enough to keep the anion in solution.

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Problem 25

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
_____________ water is water that contains dissolved calcium ions, Ca2+,
magnesium ions, Mg2+, and often iron ions, Fe2+ or Fe3+. These ions bind
strongly to soap anions, causing the soap to _____________ from hard-water
solutions.

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Problem 26

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
Detergent structures are similar to (although more varied than) that of soap, but
they are less likely to form insoluble compounds with _____________ ions.

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Problem 27

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
The net rate of solution depends on three factors: _____________,
_____________, and _____________.

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Problem 28

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
If we stir or in some way agitate a solution containing a solid, the solute
particles near the solid are quickly carried away, and the relatively high local
concentrations of solute are decreased. This diminishes the rate of return and
increases the _____________ rate of solution.

Check back soon!

Problem 29

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10 & \text { moderately } \\
\text { any proportion } & \text { net } \\
\text { attracted } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { cation } & \text { nonpolar solvents } \\
\text { degree of agitation or stirring } & \text { not } \\
\text { dispersed } & \text { oils } \\
\text { fats } & \text { polar solvents } \\
\text { gas } & \text { polar substances } \\
\text { hard } & \text { precipitate } \\
\text { hard-water } & \text { probability } \\
\text { hydrophilic } & \text { simplified } \\
\text { hydrophobic } & \text { small } \\
\text { insoluble } & \text { solid } \\
\text { larger } & \text { solubility } \\
\text { liquid } & \text { surface area of the solute } \\
\text { long-chain } & \text { temperature } \\
&
\end{array}
$$
If the partial pressure of a gas over a liquid is increased, the _____________ of
that gas is increased.

Check back soon!
00:54

Problem 30

Dry ice is often used to keep ice cream cold at picnics. As the day goes on, the dry ice disappears as the solid sublimes (goes directly from solid to gas). Explain why this change takes place.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 31

The container in (a) shown below consists of two chambers separated by an partition. One side contains a gas, and the other side is empty. When the partition between the two chambers is removed, the gas moves between the chambers until it is evenly distributed. Explain why this happens. Your explanation should compare the relative degree of dispersal of the particles and the number of ways to arrange the particles in the system.
A. Figure Can't Copy
B. Figure Can't Copy

Eileen Sullivan
Eileen Sullivan
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 32

Acetone is commonly used to clean laboratory glassware when soap and water cannot do the job. Acetone works well because it dissolves certain substances that are not soluble in water. It is also a good choice because, being miscible with water, it can easily be rinsed from the cleaned glassware with water. Explain what it means when we say acetone is miscible with water.

Riaz Ahmad
Riaz Ahmad
Other Schools
01:33

Problem 33

The primary components of vinegar are acetic acid and water, both of which are composed of polar molecules with hydrogen bonds that link them. These two liquids will mix in any proportion. Explain why acetic acid and water are miscible.
Figure Can't Copy

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
03:17

Problem 34

The solubilities in water of several substances are listed below. Classify each of these substances as soluble, insoluble, or moderately soluble, based on the criteria presented in the chapter.
a. Camphor, $\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{16} \mathrm{O}$ (a topical anti-infective): 0.1 g per $100 \mathrm{~mL} \mathrm{H} \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
b. Sodium formate, $\mathrm{NaHCO}_2$ (used in dyeing and printing fabrics): 97.2 g per $100 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
c. Cobalt(II) fluoride, $\mathrm{CoF}_2$ (a catalyst in organic reactions): 1.5 g per 100 g $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

Vasu Makani
Vasu Makani
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 35

What is meant by like in the solubility guideline like dissolves like?

Lijeesh Krishnan
Lijeesh Krishnan
Numerade Educator
03:46

Problem 36

Would the following combinations be expected to be soluble or insoluble?
a. polar solute and polar solvent
b. nonpolar solute and polar solvent
c. ionic solute and water
d. molecular solute with small molecules and hexane
e. hydrocarbon solute and water

Marietjie Lutz
Marietjie Lutz
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 37

Would the following combinations be expected to be soluble or insoluble?
a. polar solute and nonpolar solvent
b. nonpolar solute and nonpolar solvent
c. ionic solute and hexane
d. molecular solute with small molecules and water
c. hydrocarbon solute and hexane

Emily Harris
Emily Harris
Numerade Educator
04:10

Problem 38

Write the chemical formula for the primary solute in each of the following solutions. Explain how the solubility guideline like dissolves like leads to the prediction that these substances would be soluble in water.
a. vinegar
b. household ammonia

Md Mohibullah
Md Mohibullah
Auburn University Main Campus
01:36

Problem 39

Write the chemical formula for the primary solute in each of the following solutions. Explain how the solubility guideline like dissolves like leads to the prediction that these substances would be soluble in water.
a. hydrochloric acid
b. vodka

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 40

Predict whether each of the following is soluble in water or not.
a. the polar molecular compound 1-propanol, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH}$ (a solvent for waxes and vegetable oils)
b. cis-2-pentene, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CHCHCH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_3$ (a polymerization inhibitor)
c. the polar molecular compound formic acid, $\mathrm{HCO}_2 \mathrm{H}$ (transmitted in ant bites)
d. strontium chlorate, $\mathrm{Sr}\left(\mathrm{ClO}_3\right)_2$ (used in tracer bullets)

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
11:32

Problem 41

Predict whether each of the following is soluble in water or not.
a. potassium hydrogen sulfate, $\mathrm{KHSO}_4$ (used in wine making)
b. the polar molecular compound propylene glycol, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH}$ (used in some antifreezes)
c. benzene, $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_6$ (use to produce many organic compounds)

Dr. Satish Ingale
Dr. Satish Ingale
Numerade Educator
02:59

Problem 42

Predict whether each of the following is soluble in hexane, $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}$, or not.
a. butane, $\mathrm{C}_4 \mathrm{H}_{10}$ (fuel for cigarette lighters)
b. potassium hydrogen oxalate, $\mathrm{KHC}_2 \mathrm{O}_4$ (used to remove stains)

Nadia Lara
Nadia Lara
Numerade Educator
02:59

Problem 43

Predict whether each of the following is soluble in hexane, $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}$, or not.
a. lithium chromate, $\mathrm{Li}_2 \mathrm{CrO}_4$ (a corrosion inhibitor in alcohol-based antifreezes and water-cooled reactors)
b. ethylene, $\mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2$ (in orchard sprays to accelerate fruit ripening)

Nadia Lara
Nadia Lara
Numerade Educator
03:18

Problem 44

Predict whether each of the following would be more soluble in water or hexane.
a. toluene, $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{CH}_3$ (in aviation fuels)
b. lithium perchlorate, $\mathrm{LiClO}_4$ (in solid rocket fuels)

Qiao Ruan
Qiao Ruan
Numerade Educator
01:13

Problem 45

Predict whether each of the following would be more soluble in water or hexane.
a. magnesium nitrate, $\mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{NO}_3\right)_2$ (in fireworks)
b. heptane, $\mathrm{C}_7 \mathrm{H}_{16}$ (a standard for gasoline octane rating)

Dr. Satish Ingale
Dr. Satish Ingale
Numerade Educator
01:28

Problem 46

Chlorine, $\mathrm{Cl}_2$, helps to keep swimming pools clean, but it has to be constantly either added to the water or formed in the water from other substances. With reference to the solubility of chlorine in water, explain why this is necessary.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 47

Would you expect acetone, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COCH}_3$ (in some nail polish removers) or 2-hexanone, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COCH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_3$ (a solvent) to be more soluble in water? Why?

Riaz Ahmad
Riaz Ahmad
Other Schools
02:09

Problem 48

Would you expect lactic acid, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CO}_2 \mathrm{H}$ (in sour milk) or myristic acid, $\mathrm{CH}_3\left(\mathrm{CH}_2\right)_{12} \mathrm{CO}_2 \mathrm{H}$ (used to make cosmetics) to be more soluble in water? Why?

Preeti Kumari
Preeti Kumari
Numerade Educator
01:24

Problem 49

Would you expect ethane, $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_6$ (in natural gas) or strontium perchlorate, $\mathrm{Sr}\left(\mathrm{ClO}_4\right)_2$, (in fireworks) to be more soluble in hexane, $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}$ ? Why?

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 50

Would you expect potassium phosphate, $\mathrm{K}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4$, (used to make liquid soaps) or ethyl propionate, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CO}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_3$ (due to its pineapple smell, used in fruit essences), to be more soluble in hexane, $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}$ ? Why?

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
02:26

Problem 51

Explain why amphetamine can pass through the blood-brain barrier more easily than epinephrine.

Allison Krajewski
Allison Krajewski
Numerade Educator
00:31

Problem 52

Explain why methamphetamine is often converted to methamphetamine hydrochloride.

Kayla Scholl
Kayla Scholl
Numerade Educator

Problem 53

What are the products of the reaction between the following triglyceride and
sodium hydroxide?
Figure Can't Copy

Check back soon!

Problem 54

What are the products of the reaction between the following triglyceride and
sodium hydroxide?
Figure Can't Copy

Check back soon!
01:49

Problem 55

What part of the following soap structure is hydrophilic and what portion is
hydrophobic?
Figure Can't Copy

Sohini Lahiri
Sohini Lahiri
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 56

You throw a backyard party that resembles your idea of a big Texas barbecue. The guests get more food than they could possibly eat, including a big juicy steak in the center of each plate. Describe how soap or detergent can help you clean the greasy plates you're left with when your guests go home, referring to the interactions between particles and the corresponding changes that take place on the submicroscopic level.

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
04:11

Problem 57

If you live in an area that has very hard water, detergents are a better choice of cleaning agents than soap. Describe the difference in structure between a typical anionic detergent and a typical soap. Describe what makes water hard, and explain why detergents work better in hard water than soap.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
00:32

Problem 58

List three ways to increase the rate at which salt dissolves in water.

Amy Jiang
Amy Jiang
Numerade Educator
06:12

Problem 59

Epsom salts, a common name for magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, $\mathrm{MgSO}_4 \cdot 7 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$, can be used to help reduce swelling caused by injury. For example, if you want to reduce the swelling of a sprained ankle, you can soak the ankle in a saturated solution of magnesium sulfate prepared by adding an excess of Epsom salts to water and waiting until the greatest possible amount of solid dissolves.
a. Describe the reversible change that takes place as the $\mathrm{MgSO}_4$ dissolves. (You do not need to mention the water of hydration that is attached to the magnesium sulfate.)
b. Explain why an increase in the concentration of solute particles in this solution containing undissolved solid leads to an increase in the rate of return of the solute to the solid form.
c. Why does the magnesium sulfate dissolve faster if the solution is stirred?
d. When the maximum amount of magnesium sulfate has dissolved, does the solid stop dissolving? Explain.

Pronoy Sinha
Pronoy Sinha
Numerade Educator
01:44

Problem 60

A person who has trouble swallowing tablets can dissolve aspirin in water and drink the solution. The fastest way to dissolve the aspirin is to grind it to a powder and then dissolve it in hot water.
a. Why does powdered aspirin dissolve faster than an aspirin tablet?
b. Why does aspirin dissolve faster in hot water than in cold water?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
04:44

Problem 61

If you wanted to make sugar dissolve as quickly as possible, would you use
a. room temperature water or hot water. Why?
b. powdered sugar or granular sugar. Why?

Shalini Tyagi
Shalini Tyagi
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 62

Some of the minerals found in rocks dissolve in water as it flows over the rocks. Would these minerals dissolve more quickly
a. at the bottom of a waterfall or in a still pond? Why?
b. in a cold mountain stream or in the warmer water downstream? Why?
c. over large rocks or over sand composed of the same material? Why?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:00

Problem 63

What does it mean to say a solution is saturated? Describe the changes that take place at the particle level in a saturated solution of sodium chloride that contains an excess of solid NaCl . Is the NaCl still dissolving?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:55

Problem 64

Solutions are called dilute when the concentration of the solute in solution is relatively low and concentrated when the concentration is relatively high. Can a solution be both dilute and saturated? Explain your answer.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:55

Problem 65

Can a solution be both concentrated (with a relatively high concentration of solute) and unsaturated? Explain your answer.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 66

The soft drinks sold at county fairs are often dispensed from large pressurized containers that contain carbon dioxide gas above the liquid at a partial pressure of about 4 atm , compared to carbon dioxide's normal partial pressure of 0.00035 atm in the air at sea level.
a. Describe the reversible change that takes place inside one of these soft drink containers when the pressure of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ above the liquid is first brought from 0.00035 atm to 4 atm . Explain why this system comes to a dynamic equilibrium in which there is no net change in the amount of gas above the liquid or the amount of gas dissolved in the liquid.
b. Explain why an increase in the partial pressure of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ over a liquid leads to an increase in the solubility of the gas in the liquid.

Adriano Chikande
Adriano Chikande
Numerade Educator
04:06

Problem 67

Consider a soft drink bottle with a screw cap. When the cap is removed, the excess $\mathrm{CO}_2$ in the space above the soft drink escapes into the room, leaving normal air above the liquid. Explain why the soft drink will lose its carbonation more quickly if the cap is left off than if the cap is immediately put back on tightly.

Gustavo Aroeira
Gustavo Aroeira
Numerade Educator
02:24

Problem 68

You visit a dude ranch located in a beautiful mountain valley at an altitude of 6000 feet. The day you arrive, you decide to take your usual evening run. On this evening, however, you don't run as far as usual, because you feel winded and tired much sooner than at home by the beach. Why does this happen?

Dennis Howard
Dennis Howard
Numerade Educator
01:41

Problem 69

The particles of air inside a typical classroom number about $10^{28}$. Is it possible for all of these particles to be found in one corner of the room? Would you change your answer if there were only five air particles in the room?

Km Neeraj
Km Neeraj
Numerade Educator