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Holt: Modern Chemistry

Mickey Sarquis, Jerry L. Sarquis

Chapter 12

Solutions - all with Video Answers

Educators

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Chapter Questions

01:05

Problem 1

a. What is the Tyndall effect?
b. Identify one example of this effect.

Alexi Kibbe
Alexi Kibbe
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03:19

Problem 2

Given an unknown mixture consisting of two or more substances, explain how you could determine
whether that mixture is a true solution, a colloid, or a suspension.

Alexi Kibbe
Alexi Kibbe
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02:11

Problem 3

Explain why a suspension is considered a heterogeneous mixture.

Alexi Kibbe
Alexi Kibbe
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01:42

Problem 4

Does a solution have to involve a liquid? Explain your answer.

Alexi Kibbe
Alexi Kibbe
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01:58

Problem 5

What is the difference between an electrolyte and a nonelectrolyte?

Alexi Kibbe
Alexi Kibbe
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02:15

Problem 6

a. What is solution equilibrium?
b. What factors determine the point at which a given solute-solvent combination reaches equilibrium?

Alexi Kibbe
Alexi Kibbe
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01:34

Problem 7

a. What is a saturated solution?
b. What visible evidence indicates that a solution is saturated?
c. What is an unsaturated solution?

Alexi Kibbe
Alexi Kibbe
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02:38

Problem 8

a. What is meant by the solubility of a substance?
b. What condition(s) must be specified when expressing the solubility of a substance?

Alexi Kibbe
Alexi Kibbe
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02:58

Problem 9

a. What rule of thumb is useful for predicting whether one substance will dissolve in another?
b. Describe what the rule means in terms of various combinations of polar and nonpolar solutes and solvents.

Alexi Kibbe
Alexi Kibbe
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01:52

Problem 10

a. How does pressure affect the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
b. What law is a statement of this relationship?
c. If the pressure of a gas above a liquid is increased, what happens to the amount of the gas that will
dissolve in the liquid, if all other conditions remain constant?
d. Two bottles of soda are opened. One is a cold bottle and the other is at room temperature. Which
system will show more effervescence and why?

Jekaterina Viktorova
Jekaterina Viktorova
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02:36

Problem 11

Based on Figure $2.11,$ determine the solubility of each of the following in grams of solute per 100 $\mathrm{g} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ .
a. $\mathrm{NaNO}_{3}$ at $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
b. $\mathrm{KNO}_{3}$ at $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
c. $\mathrm{NaCl}$ at $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$

AL
Amy Lobue
Numerade Educator
05:19

Problem 12

Based on Figure 2.11 , at what temperature would each of the following solubility levels be observed?
a. 50 $\mathrm{gKCl}$ in 100 $\mathrm{g} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
b. 100 $\mathrm{g} \mathrm{NaNO}_{3}$ in 100 $\mathrm{g} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
c. 60 $\mathrm{gKNO}_{3}$ in 100 $\mathrm{g} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
06:49

Problem 13

The enthalpy of solution for AgNO $_{3}$ is $+22.8 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$ .
a. Write the equation that represents the dissolution of AgNO $_{3}$ in water.
b. Is the dissolution process endothermic or exothermic? Is the crystallization process endothermic or exothermic?
c. As AgNO $_{3}$ dissolves, what change occurs in the temperature of the solution?
d. When the system is at equilibrium, how do the rates of dissolution and crystallization compare?
e. If the solution is then heated, how will the rates of dissolution and crystallization be affected? Why?
f. How will the increased temperature affect the amount of solute that can be dissolved?
g. If the solution is allowed to reach equilibrium and is then cooled, how will the system be affected?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
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02:39

Problem 14

What opposing forces are at equilibrium in the sodium chloride system shown in Figure $2.2 ?$

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
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01:55

Problem 15

On which property of solutions does the concept of concentration rely?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
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00:25

Problem 16

In what units is molarity expressed?

Catherine Lemar
Catherine Lemar
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04:16

Problem 17

Under what circumstances might we prefer to express solution concentrations in terms of
a. molarity?
b. molality?

Bcrypt_Sha256$$2B$12$G.2Fsvlf/D/Uztpomcl6Kehenyybhk3.Xacinplxct80U//Oh6Kzq Bcrypt_Sha256$$2B$12$G.2Fsvlf/D/Uztpomcl6Kejwqx2Ml/Bpksr62Kuhpbllelwkwnzlk
Bcrypt_Sha256$$2B$12$G.2Fsvlf/D/Uztpomcl6Kehenyybhk3.Xacinplxct80U//Oh6Kzq Bcrypt_Sha256$$2B$12$G.2Fsvlf/D/Uztpomcl6Kejwqx2Ml/Bpksr62Kuhpbllelwkwnzlk
University of Alabama at Birmingham
03:21

Problem 18

If you dissolve 2.00 mol KI in 1.00 L of water, will you get a 2.00 M solution? Explain.

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
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07:38

Problem 19

a. Suppose you wanted to dissolve 106 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$ in enough $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ to make 6.00 $\mathrm{L}$ of solution. (1) What is the molar mass of $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3} ?$ (2) What is the molarity of this solution?
b. What is the molarity of a solution of 14.0 $\mathrm{g} \mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{Br}$ in enough $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ to make 150 $\mathrm{mL}$ of solution?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
08:07

Problem 20

a. Suppose you wanted to produce 1.00 $\mathrm{L}$ of a 3.50 $\mathrm{M}$ aqueous solution of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ (1) What is the solute? (2) What is the solvent? (3) How many grams of solute are needed to make this solution?
b. How many grams of solute are needed to make 2.50 L of a 1.75 $\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\mathrm{Ba}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2} ?$

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
03:57

Problem 21

How many moles of NaOH are contained in 65.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ of a 2.20 $\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\mathrm{NaOH}$ in $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ ? (Hint: See Sample Problem B.)

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
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05:45

Problem 22

A solution is made by dissolving 26.42 g of $\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ in enough $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ to make 50.00 $\mathrm{mL}$ of solution.
a. What is the molar mass of $\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ ?
b. What is the molarity of this solution?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
08:01

Problem 23

Suppose you wanted to find out how many milliliters of 1.0 $\mathrm{M}$ AgNO $_{3}$ are needed to provide 169.9 g of pure AgNO $_{3}$
a. What is the first step in solving the problem?
b. What is the molar mass of AgNO ?
c. How many milliters of solution are needed?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
04:54

Problem 24

a. Balance this equation: H_ $\mathrm{PO}_{4}+\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Ca}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
b. What mass of each product results if 750 $\mathrm{mL}$ of 6.00 $\mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}$ reacts according to the equation?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
06:30

Problem 25

How many milliters of 0.750 $\mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}$ are required to react with 250 $\mathrm{mL}$ of 0.150 $\mathrm{M} \mathrm{Ba}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ if the products are barium phosphate and water?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
01:29

Problem 26

75.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ of an AgNO $_{3}$ solution reacts with enough Cu to produce 0.250 $\mathrm{g}$ of Ag by single displacement. What is the molarity of the initial AgNO $_{3}$ solution if $\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ is the other product?

David Collins
David Collins
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04:56

Problem 27

Determine the number of grams of solute needed to make each of the following molal solutions:
a. a 4.50 $\mathrm{m}$ solution of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ in 1.00 $\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
b. a 1.00 $\mathrm{m}$ solution of $\mathrm{HNO}_{3}$ in 2.00 $\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
04:54

Problem 28

A solution is prepared by dissolving 17.1 $\mathrm{g}$ of sucrose, $\mathrm{C}_{12} \mathrm{H}_{22} \mathrm{O}_{11},$ in 275 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ .
a. What is the molar mass of sucrose?
b. What is the molality of that solution?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
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03:04

Problem 29

How many kilograms of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ O must be added to 75.5 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ to form a 0.500 $\mathrm{m}$ solution?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 30

A solution made from ethanol, $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH},$ and water is 1.75 $\mathrm{m}$ ethanol. How many grams of $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}$ are
contained per $250 .$ g of water?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
03:11

Problem 31

$\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ is dissolved in water to make 450 $\mathrm{mL}$ of a 0.250 $\mathrm{M}$ solution.
a. What is the molar mass of $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ ?
b. How many moles of $\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ are needed?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
04:17

Problem 32

Citric acid is one component of some soft drinks. Suppose that 2.00 L of solution are made from $150 .$ mg of citric acid, $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}_{7}$
a. What is the molar mass of citric acid?
b. What is the molarity of citric acid in the solution?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
06:00

Problem 33

Suppose you wanted to know how many grams of KCl would be left if 350 mL of a 2.0 M KCl solution were evaporated to dryness.
a. What is the molar mass of KCl?
b. How would heating the solution affect the mass of KCl remaining?
c. How many grams of KCl would remain?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
05:10

Problem 34

Sodium metal reacts violently with water to form NaOH and release hydrogen gas. Suppose that 10.0 g
of Na react completely with 1.00 L of water and the final solution volume is 1.00 L.
a. What is the molar mass of NaOH?
b. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
c. What is the molarity of the NaOH solution formed by the reaction?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
08:03

Problem 35

In cars, ethylene glycol, $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}_{2}$ is used as a coolant and antifeeze. A mechanic fills a radiator with 6.5 $\mathrm{kg}$ of ethylene glycol and 1.5 $\mathrm{kg}$ of water.
a. What is the molar mass of ethylene glycol?
b. What is the molality of the water in the solution?

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
09:16

Problem 36

Plota solubility graph for AgNO $_{3}$ from the following data, with grams of solute (by increments of 50$)$ per 100 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ on the vertical axis and with temperature in $^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ on the horizontal axis.
a. How does the solubility of AgNO $_{3}$ vary with the temperature of the water?
b. Estimate the solubility of AgNO $_{3}$ at $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 55^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ , and $75^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .$
c. At what temperature would the solubility of AgNO $_{3}$ be 275 $\mathrm{g}$ per 100 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} ?$
d. If 100 g of AgNO_ were added to 100 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ would the resulting solution be saturated or unsaturated? What would occur if 325 $\mathrm{g}$ of AgNO $_{3}$ were added to 100 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?$

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
03:45

Problem 37

If a saturated solution of KNO $_{3}$ in 100 g of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ at $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is cooled to $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ approximately how many grams of the solute will precipitate out of the solution? (Use Figure 2.4.)

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
04:22

Problem 38

a. Suppose you wanted to dissolve 294.3 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ in 1.000 $\mathrm{kg}$ of $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ .
(1) What is the solute?
(2) What is the solvent?
(3) What is the molality of this solution?
b. What is the molality of a solution of 63.0 g HNO $_{3}$ in 0.250 $\mathrm{kg} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} ?$

Nadia Lara
Nadia Lara
Numerade Educator
02:23

Problem 39

Predicting Outcomes You have been investigating the nature of suspensions, colloids, and solutions and have collected the following observational data on four unknown samples. From the data, infer whether each sample is a solution, suspension, or colloid.
$$
\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|l}
\text { Sample } & \text { Color } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Clarity (clear } \\
\text { or cloudy) }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Settle } \\
\text { out }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Tyndall } \\
\text { effect }
\end{array} \\
\hline 1 & \text { green } & \text { clear } & \text { no } & \text { no } \\
\hline 2 & \text { blue } & \text { cloudy } & \text { yes } & \text { no } \\
\hline 3 & \text { colorless } & \text { clear } & \text { no } & \text { yes } \\
\hline 4 & \text { white } & \text { cloudy } & \text { no } & \text { yes }
\end{array}
$$
Based on your inferences in Data Table 1 , you decide to conduct one more test of the particles. You filter the samples and then reexamine the filtrate. You obtain the data found in Data Table 2 . Infer the classifications of the filtrate based on the data in Data Table 2 .
$$
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { Sample } & \text { Color } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Clarity } \\
\text { (clear or } \\
\text { cloudy) }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { On } \\
\text { filter } \\
\text { paper }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Tyndall } \\
\text { effect }
\end{array} \\
\hline 1 & \text { green } & \text { clear } & \text { nothing } & \text { no } \\
\hline 2 & \text { blue } & \text { cloudy } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { gray } \\
\text { solid }
\end{array} & \text { yes } \\
\hline 3 & \text { colorless } & \text { clear } & \text { none } & \text { yes } \\
\hline 4 & \text { colorless } & \text { clear } & \text { white } & \text{ no } \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

Kyle Ukes
Kyle Ukes
Numerade Educator
02:14

Problem 40

Review the information on alloys in the Elements Handbook (Appendix A).
a. Why is aluminum such an important component of alloys?
b. What metals make up bronze?
c. What metals make up brass?
d. What is steel?
e. What is the composition of the mixture called cast iron?

Harshit Mawandia
Harshit Mawandia
Numerade Educator
30:25

Problem 41

Table 5A of the Elements Handbook (Appendix A) contains carbon monoxide concentration data
expressed as parts per million (ppm). The OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
limit for worker exposure to CO is 200 ppm for an eight-hour period.
a. At what concentration do harmful effects occur in less than one hour?
b. By what factor does the concentration in item (a) exceed the maximum limit set by OSHA?

Jagdeep Kaur
Jagdeep Kaur
Numerade Educator
02:25

Problem 42

Find out about the chemistry of emulsifying agents. How do these substances affect the dissolution of
immiscible substances such as oil and water? As part of your research on this topic, find out why eggs are an emulsifying agent for baking mixtures.

Ricajoy Montero
Ricajoy Montero
Numerade Educator
01:49

Problem 43

Make a comparison of the electrolyte concentration in various brands of sports drinks. Using the labeling information for sugar, calculate the molarity of sugar in each product or brand. Construct a poster to show the results of your analysis of the product labels.

Dominique Jan Tan
Dominique Jan Tan
Numerade Educator
02:07

Problem 44

Write a set of instructions on how to prepare a solution that is $1 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{CuSO}_{4},$ using $\mathrm{CuSO}_{4} \bullet 5 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ as the solute. How do the instructions differ if the solute is anhydrous CuSO $_{4} ?$ Your instructions should include a list of all materials needed.

Aadit Sharma
Aadit Sharma
Numerade Educator