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Understanding Physics

Karen Cummings, Priscilla W. Laws, Edward F. Redish

Chapter 38

Special Relativity - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

05:03

Problem 1

What fraction of the speed of light does each of the following speeds $v$ represent? That is, what is the value of the ratio $v / c ?$ (a) A typical rate of continental drift, $3 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{y} .$ (b) A highway speed limit of $100 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$. (c) A supersonic plane flying at Mach $2.5=3100 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h} .$ (d) The Earth in orbit around the Sun at $30 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{s}$. (e) What conclusion(s) do you draw about the need for special relativity to describe and analyze most everyday phenomena? (Note: Some everyday phenomena can be derived from relativity. For example, magnetism can be described as arising from electrostatics plus special relativity applied to the slow-moving charges in wires.)

Amy Jiang
Amy Jiang
Numerade Educator
01:17

Problem 2

A "serial computer," one that carries out one instruction at a time, executes an instruction by transmitting data from the memory to the processor (where computation takes place) and then transmitting the result back to the memory. Estimate the maximum size of a serial "teraflop" computer, one that carries out $10^{12}$ instructions per second.

Adam Conner
Adam Conner
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 3

Identical experiments are carried out (1) in a high-speed train moving at constant speed along a horizontal track with the shades drawn and $(2)$ in a closed freight container on the platform as the train passes. Copy the following list and mark with a "yes" quantities that will necessarily be the same as measured in the two frames. Mark with a "no" quantities that are not necessarily the same as measured in the two frames. (a) The time it takes for light to travel one meter in a vacuum; (b) the kinetic energy of an electron accelerated from rest through a voltage difference of one million volts; (c) the time for half the number of radioactive particles at rest to decay; (d) the mass of a proton; (e) the structure of DNA for an amoeba; (f) Newton's Second Law of Motion: $F=m a ;(\mathrm{g})$ the value of the downward acceleration of gravity $g$.

Penny Riley
Penny Riley
Numerade Educator
00:18

Problem 4

You are taking a trip from the solar system to our nearest visible neighbor, Alpha Centauri, approximately 4 light-years distant. At launch you experienced a period of acceleration that increased your speed with respect to Earth from zero to nearly half the speed of light. Now your spaceship is coasting in unpowered flight. Compare and contrast the observations you make now with those you made before the rocket took off from the Earth's surface. Be as specific and detailed as possible. Distinguish between observations made inside the cabin with the windows covered and those made looking out of uncovered windows at the front, side, and back of the cabin.

Robert Zaballa
Robert Zaballa
Numerade Educator
02:45

Problem 5

A pulse of protons arrives at detector $\mathrm{D}$, where you are standing. Prior to this, the pulse passed through detector C, which lies 60 meters upstream. Detector C sent a light flash in your direction at the same instant that the pulse passed through it. At detector D you receive the light flash and the proton pulse separated by a time of 2 nanoseconds $\left(2 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{~s}\right)$. What is the speed of the proton pulse?

Manish Kumar
Manish Kumar
Numerade Educator
00:48

Problem 6

You see a sudden eruption on the surface of the Sun. From solar theory you predict that the eruption emitted a pulse of particles that is moving toward the Earth at oneeighth the speed of light. How long do you have to seek shelter from the radiation that will be emitted when the particle pulse hits the Earth? Take the light-travel time from the Sun to the Earth to be 8 minutes.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
02:46

Problem 7

In a vast latticework of meter sticks and clocks, you stand next to a lattice clock whose coordinates are $x=$ $8 \mathrm{~km}, y=40 \mathrm{~km}, z=44 \mathrm{~km} .$ When you receive the synchronizing flash, to what time do you quickly set your clock?

Laszlo Zalavari
Laszlo Zalavari
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 8

Quite apart from effects due to the Earth's rotational and orbital motion, a laboratory reference frame on the Earth is not an inertial frame, as required by a strict interpretation of special relativity. It is not inertial because a particle released from rest at the Earth's surface does not remain at rest; it falls! Often, however, the events in an experiment for which one needs special relativity happen so quickly that we can ignore effects duc to gravitational accclcration. Considcr, for cxamplc, a proton moving horizontally at speed $v=0.992 c$ through a 10 -m-wide detector in a laboratory test chamber. (a) How long will the transit through that detector take? (b) How far does the proton fall vertically during this time lapse? (c) What do you conclude about the suitability of the laboratory as an inertial frame in this case?

Eduard Sanchez
Eduard Sanchez
Numerade Educator
02:57

Problem 9

Redo Fig. $38-5$ with a vertical distance $c \Delta \tau / 2=7 \mathrm{~m}$ and horizontal distance in the lab frame $\Delta x / 2=24 \mathrm{~m} .$ Find the ratio of the times $\Delta t / \Delta \tau$ between events $A$ and $B$ recorded on laboratory and rocket clocks.

Prabhu Ramji
Prabhu Ramji
Numerade Educator
02:33

Problem 10

Two firecrackers explode at the same place in the laboratory and are separated by a time of 12 years. (a) What is the spatial distance between these two events in a rocket in which the events are separated in time by 13 years? (b) What is the relative speed of the rocket and laboratory frames? Express your answer as a fraction of the speed of light.

Chai Santi
Chai Santi
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 11

Jocelyn DeGuia takes off from Earth and moves toward the star Vega, which is 26 ly distant from Earth. Assume that Earth and Vega are relatively at rest and Jocelyn moves at $v=0.99 c$ in the Earth-Vega frame. How much time will have elapsed on Earth (a) when Jocelyn reaches Vega and (b) when Earth observers receive a radio signal reporting that Jocelyn has arrived? (c) How much will Jocelyn age during her outward trip?

Raj Bala
Raj Bala
Numerade Educator
09:21

Problem 12

In the 24 th century the fastest available interstellar rocket moves at $v=0.75 c .$ Mya Allen is sent in this rocket at full (constant) speed to Sirius, the Dog Star, the brightest star in the heavens as seen from Earth, which is a distance $8.7$ ly as measured in the Earth frame. Assume Sirius is at rest with respect to Earth. Mya stays near Sirius, slowly orbiting around that Dog Star, for 7 years as recorded on her wristwatch while making observations and recording data, then returns to Earth with the same speed $v=0.75 \mathrm{c}$. According to Earth-linked observers: (a) When does Mya arrive at Sirius? (b) When does Mya leave Sirius? (c) When does Mya arrive back at Earth? According to Mya's wristwatch: (d) When does she arrive at Sirius? (e) When does she leave Sirius? (f) When does she arrive back on Earth?

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
03:56

Problem 13

The half-life of stationary muons is measured to be $1.6$ microseconds. Half of any initial number of stationary muons decays in one half-life. Cosmic rays colliding with atoms in the upper atmosphere of the Earth create muons, some of which move downward toward the Earth's surface. The mean lifetime of high-speed muons in one such burst is measured to be 16 microseconds. (a) Find the speed of these muons relative to the Earth. (b) Moving at this speed, how far will the muons move in one half-life? (c) How far would this pulse move in one half-life if there were no relativistic time stretching? (d) In the relativistic case, how far will the pulse move in 10 half-lives? (e) An initial pulse consisting of $10^{8}$ muons is created at a distance above the Earth's surface given in part (d). How many will remain at the Earth's surface? Assume that the pulse moves vertically downward and none are lost to collisions. (Ninety-nine percent of the Earth's atmosphere lies below $40 \mathrm{~km}$ altitude.)

Prabhu Ramji
Prabhu Ramji
Numerade Educator
03:47

Problem 14

An unstable high-energy particle is created in a collision inside a detector and leaves a track $1.05 \mathrm{~mm}$ long before it decays while still in the detector. Its speed relative to the detector was $0.992 c$. How long did the particle live as recorded in its rest frame?

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
03:31

Problem 15

You wish to make $a$ round trip from Earth in a spaceship, traveling at constant speed in a straight line for 6 months on your watch and then returning at the same constant speed. You wish, further, to find Earth to be 1000 years older on your return. (a) What is the value of your constant speed with respect to Earth? (b) How much do you age during the trip?
(c) Does it matter whether or not you travel in a straight line? For example, could you travel in a huge circle that loops back to Earth?

Eduard Sanchez
Eduard Sanchez
Numerade Educator
06:22

Problem 16

An astronaut traveling in an unpowered spaceship celebrates his 18 th, 19 th, 20 th, and 21 st birthdays. Five Earth-years elapse between the 18 th and 21 st birthday parties. Find (a) the spatial separation between the 18 th and 21 st birthday parties in the Earth frame and (b) the speed of his spaceship with respect to Earth.

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
07:06

Problem 17

The table shows the $t$ and $x$ coordinates of three events as observed in the laboratory frame.On a piece of paper list vertically every pair of these events: $(1,2)$, $(1,3),(2,3) .$ (a) Next to each pair write "time-like," "light-like," or "space-like" for the relationship between those two events. (b) Next to each pair, write "Yes" if it is possible for one of the events to cause the other event and "No" if a cause and effect relation between them is not possible. (For full benefit of this exercise, construct and analyze your own tables.)

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 18

Use the equations in Chapter 38 to show the following general results: (a) Given that two events $P$ and $Q$ have a space-like separation, show that in all such cases a reference frame can be found in which the two events occur at the same time. Also show that with respect to this frame the distance between the two events is equal to the proper distance between them. (b) Given that two events $P$ and $R$ have a time-like separation, show that in all such cases a reference frame can be found in which the two events occur at the same place. Also show that in this frame the time lapse between the two events is equal to the proper time between them. (c) Given that two events $R$ and $W$ have a light-like separation, show that in all such cases a light flash can be found that moves from $R$ to $W$. Also show that the proper time and proper distance between $R$ and $W$ are both equal to zero.

Robert Zaballa
Robert Zaballa
Numerade Educator
04:58

Problem 19

In the thought experiment pictured in Fig. $38-6$, we arbitrarily chose events so that the two light flashes from the lightning strikes arrived simultaneously at the ground observer. Analyze a new version of this experiment in which a completely different pair of lightning strikes fall at the two ends of the train such that the resulting light flashes arrive simultaneously at the position of the rider at the center of the train. View the experiment in the rest frame of the train. In this new version of the experiment, which lightning bolt falls first according to the observer on the ground?

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
02:27

Problem 20

How much work must be done to increase the speed of an electron (a) from $0.08 c$ to $0.09 c ?$ (b) from $0.98 c$ to $0.99 c$ ? Note that the increase in speed is the same in both cases.

Bettina Hanlon
Bettina Hanlon
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 21

How much mass does a $100 \mathrm{~W}$ lightbulb dissipate (in heat and light) when it burns for one full year?

Bettina Hanlon
Bettina Hanlon
Numerade Educator
08:30

Problem 22

Find the energy of a proton that crosses our galaxy (diameter 100000 light-years) in one minute of its own time.

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
09:32

Problem 23

The values of the masses in the reaction $p+{ }^{19} F \rightarrow \alpha+{ }^{16} O$ have been determined by a mass spectrometer to have the values:
$$
\begin{aligned}
m(p) &=1.007825 u, \\
m(F) &=18.998405 u, \\
m(\alpha) &=4.002603 u, \\
m(O) &=15.994915 u .
\end{aligned}
$$
Here $u$ is the atomic mass unit (Section 1.7). How much energy is released in this reaction? Express your answer in both kilograms and $\mathrm{MeV}$.

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
01:28

Problem 24

An aspirin tablet contains 5 grains of aspirin (medicinal unit), which is equal to $325 \mathrm{mg}$. For how many kilometers would the energy equivalent of this mass power an automobile? Assume $12.75 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{L}$ and a heat of combustion of $3.65 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{L}$ for the gasoline used in the automobile.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:14

Problem 25

Two freight trains, each of mass $6 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~kg}$ (6 000 metric tons) travel in opposite directions on the same track with equal speeds of $150 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{hr}$. They collide head-on and come to rest. (a) Calculate in joules the kinetic energy $(1 / 2) m v^{2}$ for each train before the collision. (Newtonian expression OK for everyday speeds!) (b) After the collision, the mass of the trains plus the mass of the track plus the mass of the roadbed plus the mass of the surrounding air plus the mass of emitted sound and light has increased by what number of milligrams?

Ma Ednelyn Lim
Ma Ednelyn Lim
Numerade Educator
03:20

Problem 26

Through what voltage must an electron be accelerated from rest in order to increase its energy to $101 \%$ of its rest energy?

Urvashi Arora
Urvashi Arora
Numerade Educator
08:23

Problem 27

A proton exits an accelerator with a kinetic energy equal to $N$ times its rest energy. Find expressions for its
(a) speed and
(b) momentum.

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
03:15

Problem 28

One kilogram of hydrogen combines chemically with 8 kilograms of oxygen to form water; about $10^{8} \mathrm{~J}$ of energy is released. Ten metric tons $\left(10^{4} \mathrm{~kg}\right)$ of hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce water. (a) Does the resulting water have a greater or less mass than the original hydrogen plus oxygen? (b) What is the numerical magnitude of this difference in mass? (c) A smaller amount of hydrogen and oxygen is weighed, then combined to form water, which is weighed again. A very good chemical balance is able to detect a fractional change in mass of 1 part in $10^{8}$. By what factor is this sensitivity more than enough -or insufficient - to detect the fractional change in mass in this reaction?

Nathan Prins
Nathan Prins
Numerade Educator
09:17

Problem 29

(a) Find an equation for the unknown mass $m$ of a particle if you know its momentum $p$ and its kinetic energy $K$. Show that this expression reduces to an expected result for nonrelativistic particle speeds. (b) Find the mass of a particle whose kinetic energy is $K=55.0 \mathrm{MeV}$ and whose momentum is $p=$ $121 \mathrm{MeV} / \mathrm{c}$. Express your answer as a decimal fraction or multiple of the mass $m_{\mathrm{e}}$ of the electron.

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
01:11

Problem 30

Estimate the power in kilowatts used to light a city of 8 million inhabitants. If all this light generated during one hour in the evening could be captured and put in a box, how much would the mass of the box increase?

Robert Zaballa
Robert Zaballa
Numerade Educator
06:31

Problem 31

Two protons, each of mass $m$, are fired toward one another with equal energy (see Fig. $38-9$ ). They collide and create an additional proton-antiproton pair, each with the proton mass $m$. (a) Show that the lowest total energy $E$ of the incident protons for this creation to take place leaves the resulting four particles at rest with respect to one another. The value of this minimum energy for each incident particle is called the threshold energy. (b) What is the threshold $k i$ netic energy $K$ of each incident particle for this creation to occur? Express your answer in terms of the rest energy of the proton. (c) Given that the mass of a proton is approximately equal to 1 $\mathrm{GeV} / \mathrm{c}^{2}$, what is the value of the threshold kinetic energy of each incident proton? Explain why this result is reasonable.

Robert Zaballa
Robert Zaballa
Numerade Educator
03:45

Problem 32

(a) Two events occur at the same time in the laboratory frame and at the laboratory coordinates $\left(x_{1}=\right.$ $\left.10 \mathrm{~km}, y_{1}=4 \mathrm{~km}, z_{1}=6 \mathrm{~km}\right)$ and $\left(x_{2}=10 \mathrm{~km}, y_{2}=7 \mathrm{~km}, z_{2}=\right.$ $-10 \mathrm{~km})$. Will these two events be simultaneous in a rocket frame moving with speed $v^{\text {rel }}=0.8 c$ in the $x$ direction in the laboratory frame? Explain your answer. (b) Three events occur at the same time in the laboratory frame and at the laboratory coordinates $\left(x_{0}, y_{1}, z_{1}\right),\left(x_{0}, y_{2}, z_{2}\right)$, and $\left(x_{0}, y_{3}, z_{3}\right)$, where $x_{0}$ has the same value for all three events. Will these three events be simultaneous in a rocket frame moving with speed $v^{\text {rel }}$ in the laboratory $x$ direction? Explain your answer. (c) Use your results of parts (a) and (b) to make a general statement about simultaneity of events in laboratory and rocket frames.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
09:28

Problem 33

A particle moves with uniform speed $v_{y}^{\prime}=\Delta y^{\prime} / \Delta t^{\prime}$ in the $y^{\prime}$ direction with respect to a rocket frame that moves along the $x$ axis of a laboratory frame. Find exprcssions for the $x$ -componcnt and for the $y$ -componcnt of the particle's velocity in the laboratory frame.

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
06:31

Problem 34

A particle moves with speed $v^{\prime}$ in the $x^{\prime} y^{\prime}$ plane of the rocket frame and in a direction that makes an angle $\phi^{\prime}$ with the $x^{\prime}$ axis. Find the angle $\phi$ that the velocity vector of this particle makes with the $x$ axis of the laboratory frame. (Hint: Transform space and time displacements rather than velocities.)

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
02:39

Problem 35

A flash of light is emitted at an angle $\phi^{\prime}$ with respect to the $x^{\prime}$ axis of the rocket frame. (a) Show that the angle $\phi$ the direction of motion of this flash makes with respect to the $x$ axis of the laboratory frame is given by the equation
$$
\cos \phi=\frac{\cos \phi^{\prime}+v^{\mathrm{rel}} / c}{1+\left(v^{\mathrm{rel}} / c\right) \cos \phi^{\prime}} .
$$
Optional: Show that your answer to Problem 34 gives the same result when the velocity $v^{\prime}$ is given the value $c .$ (b) A light source at rest in the rocket frame emits light uniformly in all directions. In the rocket frame $50 \%$ of this light goes into the forward hemisphere of a sphere surrounding the source. Show that in the laboratory frame this $50 \%$ of the light is concentrated in a narrow forward cone of half-angle $\phi_{0}$ whose axis lies along the direction of motion of the particle. Derive the following expression for the halfangle $\phi_{0}$ :
$$
\cos \phi_{0}=v^{\mathrm{rel}} / c
$$
This result is called the headlight effect. (c) What is the half-angle $\phi_{0}$ in degrees for a light source moving at $99 \%$ of the speed of light?

Chai Santi
Chai Santi
Numerade Educator
03:00

Problem 36

An evacuated tube at rest in the laboratory has a length $3.00 \mathrm{~m}$ as measured in the laboratory. An electron moves at speed $v=0.999987 \mathrm{c}$ in the laboratory along the axis of this evacuated tube. What is the length of the tube measured in the rest frame of the electron?

Eduard Sanchez
Eduard Sanchez
Numerade Educator
06:55

Problem 37

A spaceship of rest length $100 \mathrm{~m}$ passes a laboratory timing station in $0.2$ microseconds measured on the timing station clock. (a) What is the speed of the spaceship in the laboratory frame? (b) What is the Lorentz-contracted length of the spaceship in the laboratory frame?

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
09:36

Problem 38

A meter stick lies at rest in the rocket frame and makes an angle $\phi^{\prime}$ with the $x^{\prime}$ axis as measured by the rocket observer. The laboratory observer measures the $x$ - and $y$ -components of the meter stick as it streaks past. From these components the laboratory observer computes the angle $\phi$ that the stick makes with his $x$ axis. (a) Find an expression for the angle $\phi$ in terms of the angle $\phi^{\prime}$ and the relative speed $v^{\text {rel }}$ between rocket and laboratory frames. (b) What is the length of the "meter" stick measured by the laboratory observer? (c) Optional: Why is your expression in part (a) different from equations derived in Problems 34 and $35 ?$

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
09:54

Problem 39

(a) Can a person, in principle, travel from Earth to the center of our galaxy, which is 23000 ly distant, in one lifetime? Explain using either length contraction or time dilation arguments. (b) What constant speed with respect to the galaxy is required to make the trip in $30 \mathrm{y}$ of the traveler's lifetime?

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
20:16

Problem 40

Carman has just purchased the world's longest stretch limo, which has proper length $L_{\mathrm{c}}=30.0 \mathrm{~m} .$ Part (a) of Figure $38-10$ shows the limo parked at rest in front of a garage of proper length $L_{\mathrm{g}}=6.00 \mathrm{~m}$, which has front and back doors. Looking at the limo parked in front of the garage, Carman says there is no way that the limo can fit into the garage. " $A u$ contraire!" shouts Garageman, "Under the right circumstances the limo can fit into the garage with both garage doors closed and room to spare!" Garageman envisions a fast-moving limo that takes up exactly one-third of the proper length of the garage. Part (b) of Figure $38-10$ shows the speeding limo just as the front garage door closes behind it as recorded in the garage frame. Part (c) of Figure $38-10$ shows the limo just as the back garage door opens in front of it as recorded in the garage frame. Find the speed of the limo with respect to the garage required for this scenario to take place.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
02:22

Problem 41

An unpowered rocket moves past you in the positive $x$ direction at speed $v^{\text {rel }}=0.9 c$. This rocket fires a bullet out the back that you measure to be moving at speed $v_{\text {bullet }}=0.3 c$ in the positive $x$ direction. With what speed relative to the rocket did the rocket observer fire the bullet out the back of her ship?

Anand Jangid
Anand Jangid
Numerade Educator
07:46

Problem 42

Galaxy A is measured to be receding from us on Earth with a speed of $0.3 c .$ Galaxy $\mathrm{B}$, located in precisely the opposite direction, is also receding from us at the same speed. What recessional velocity will an observer on galaxy A measure (a) for our galaxy, and (b) for galaxy B?

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
07:32

Problem 43

Touchstone Example $38-7$ concluded that when a $\mathrm{K}^{\circ}$ meson at rest decays into two daughter $\pi$ mesons, they move in opposite directions in the rest frame of the original $\mathrm{K}^{\circ}$ meson, each with a speed of $0.828 c$. Now suppose that the initial $\mathrm{K}^{\circ}$ meson moves with speed $v^{\text {rel }}=0.9 c$ as measured in the laboratory frame. What are the maximum and minimum speeds of the daughter $\pi$ mesons with respect to the laboratory?

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
03:49

Problem 44

An unpowered spaceship whose rest length is 350 meters has a speed $0.82 c$ with respect to Earth. A micrometeorite, also with speed of $0.82 c$ with respect to Earth, passes the spaceship on an antiparallel track that is moving in the opposite direction. How long does it take the micrometeorite to pass the spaceship as measured on the ship?

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
01:03

Problem 45

A spaceship moving away from Earth at a speed $0.900 c$ radios its reports back to Earth using a frequency of 100 MHz measured in the spaceship frame. To what frequency must Earth's receivers be tuned in order to receive the reports?

Raj Bala
Raj Bala
Numerade Educator
01:58

Problem 46

How fast would you have to approach a red traffic light in order that it appears green to you?

Bettina Hanlon
Bettina Hanlon
Numerade Educator
05:55

Problem 47

Astrophysicists describe the redshift of receding astronomical objects using the redshift factor $z$, defined implicitly in the following equation:
$$
\lambda_{\text {observed }} \equiv(1+z) \lambda_{\text {emitted }}
$$
Here $\lambda_{\text {observed }}$ is the wavelength of light observed from Earth, while $\lambda_{\text {emitted }}$ is the wavelength of the light emitted from the source as measured in the rest frame of the source. The emitted wavelength is known if one knows the emitting atom, identified from the pattern of different wavelengths characteristic of that atom. Astrophysicists measuring the redshifts of light from extremely remote quasars calculate a $z$ -factor in the neighborhood of $z \approx 6 .$ Use the Dopplershift equations of special relativity to determine how fast such quasars are moving away from Earth. Note: Actually, for such distant objects the unmodified Doppler shift formula of special relativity does not apply. Instead, one thinks of the space between Earth and the source expanding as the universe expands; the wavelength of the light expands with this expansion of the universe as it travels from the source quasar to us.

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 48

Figure $38-11$ shows a graph of intensity versus wavelength for light reaching Earth from galaxy NGC 7319 , which is about $3 \times 10^{8}$ light-years away. The most intense light is emitted by the oxygen in that galaxy. In a laboratory, that emission is at wavelength $\lambda=513 \mathrm{~nm}$, but in the light from NGC 7319 it has been shifted to $525 \mathrm{~nm}$ due to the Doppler effect. (Indeed, all the emissions from that galaxy have been shifted.) (a) According to special relativity Doppler shift theory, what is the radial speed of galaxy NGC 7319 relative to Earth? (b) Is the relative motion toward or away from Earth?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
14:05

Problem 49

A billion years from now our Sun will increase its heat, destroying life on Earth. Still later the sun will expand as a red giant, swallowing the Earth and annihilating any remaining life on all planets in the solar system. In anticipation of these catastrophes, an advanced Earth civilization a million years from now develops a transporter mechanism that reduces living beings to data and sends the data by radio to planets orbiting younger stars. The living beings on Earth are destroyed by this process but are reconstituted and restored to life on the distant planets. Your descendent Rasmia Kirmani leaves Earth as data at a time we will take to be zero and is quickly reconstituted after arrival of her data set on the planet Zircon, 100 ly distant from Earth. Assume that Earth and Zircon are relatively at rest.
(a) How much does Rasmia age during her outward trip to Zircon?
(b) How much older is Earth and its civilization when Rasmia is resurrected on Zircon?
(c) Rasmia has a productive and happy life on Zircon and dies as a pioneer hero after 150 years living on that planet. How soon after her departure from Earth can Rasmia's obituary be received on Earth?
(d) Over the millennia between our time and then, specialists whom we now call geneticists discover that there is no such thing as a superperson (man or woman), but rather that a minimum variety of genetic types must be maintained and continually recombined (by whatever method is then current) in order to sustain a healthy population. To this end, several dozen healthy individuals are deconstructed on Earth and transported to Zircon, where each individual is quickly reproduced in thousands of copies (using the same data set over and over) in order to populate the planet rapidly. It takes 5 full generations from birth to death, each generation an average of 200 years, to determine whether or not the new population has been successfully established. How soon after transmission of the dozens of original data sets from Earth can Earth's people learn whether or not this project has been successful?

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 50

Use Newtonian mechanics to calculate the speed of an electron in the lowest Bohr orbit, which has one quantum of angular momentum:
$$
m v r=\hbar=\frac{h}{2 \pi} .
$$
Carry out this calculation for (a) hydrogen $(Z=1)$ and (b) uranium $(Z=92) .$ Insofar as the Bohr model of the atom can be trusted, is relativity required to find the correct answer for (c) hydrogen, (d) uranium?

Suzanne W.
Suzanne W.
Numerade Educator
08:31

Problem 51

The Giant Shower Array detector, spread over 100 square kilometers in Japan, detects pulses of particles from cosmic rays. Each detected pulse is assumed to originate in a single high-energy cosmic proton that strikes the top of the Earth's atmosphere. The highest energy of a single cosmic ray proton inferred from the data is $10^{20} \mathrm{eV}$. How long would it take that proton to cross our galaxy $\left(10^{5}\right.$ light-years in diameter) as recorded on the wristwatch of the proton? (The answer is not zero!)

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
03:57

Problem 52

Evelvn Brown does not approve of our latticework of rods and clocks and the use of a light flash to synchronize them.
(a) "I can synchronize my clocks in any way I choose!" she exclaims. Is she right?
(b) Evelyn wants to synchronize two identical clocks, called Big Ben and Little Ben, which are at rest with respect to one another and separated by one million kilometers in their rest frame. She uses a third clock, identical in construction with the first two, that travels with constant velocity between them. As her moving clock passes Big Ben, it is set to read the same time as Big Ben. When the moving clock passes Little Ben, that outpost clock is set to read the same time as the traveling clock. "Now Big Ben and Little Ben are synchronized," says Evelyn Brown. Is Evelyn's method correct?
(c) After Evelyn completes her synchronization of Little Ben by her method, how does the reading of Little Ben compare with the reading of a nearby clock on a latticework at rest with respect to Big Ben (and Little Ben) and synchronized by our standard method using a light flash? Evaluate in milliseconds any difference between the reading on Little Ben and the nearby lattice clock in the case that Evelyn's traveling clock moved at a constant velocity of 500000 kilometers per hour from Big Ben to Little Ben.
(d) Evaluate the difference in the reading between the EvelynBrown-synchronized Little Ben and the nearby lattice clock when Evelyn's synchronizing traveling clock moves 1000 times as fast as the speed given in part (c).

Chai Santi
Chai Santi
Numerade Educator
03:16

Problem 53

Sara Settlemyer is an intelligent layperson who carefully reads articles about science in the public press. She has the objections to relativity listed below. Respond to each of Sara's objections clearly, decisively, and politely-without criticizing her!
(a) "Observer A says that observer B's clock runs slow, while $\mathrm{B}$ says that A's clock runs slow. This is a logical contradiction. Therefore relativity should be abandoned."
(b) "Observer A says that B's meter sticks are contracted along their direction of relative motion. B says that A's meter sticks are contracted. This is a logical contradiction. Therefore relativity should be abandoned."
(c) "Anybody with common sense knows that travel at high speed in the direction of a receding light pulse decreases the speed with which the pulse recedes. Hence a flash of light cannot have the same speed for observers in relative motion. With this disproof of the Principle of Relativity, all of relativity collapses."
(d) "Relativity is preoccupied with how we observe things, not with what is really happening. Therefore relativity is not a scientific theory, since science deals with reality."
(e) "Relativity offers no way to describe an event without coordinates, and no way to speak about coordinates without referring to one or another particular reference frame. However, physical events have an existence independent of all choice of coordinates and reference frames. Therefore the special relativity you talk about in this chapter cannot be the most fundamental theory of events and the relation between events."

Suzanne W.
Suzanne W.
Numerade Educator
06:52

Problem 54

A photon, the quantum of light, can be considered to be a zero-mass particle.
(a) Using this definition and Eq. $38-18$, show that the relation between energy and momentum for the photon is $E=|p c|$, where the "absolute value" vertical lines ensure that energy is positive.
(b) A $\pi^{\circ}$ meson decays rapidly into two gamma rays (highenergy photons). In the rest frame of the original $\pi^{\circ}$ meson, what are the relative directions of the two outgoing photons?
(c) If the mass of the $\pi^{\circ}$ meson is $135 \mathrm{MeV} / \mathrm{c}^{2}$, what is the energy of each outgoing gamma ray?

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
06:46

Problem 55

Two gamma rays of equal energy $E_{\mathrm{p}}$ and equal and opposite momenta are incident on a nucleus. (See Figure 38-12.) The collision leads to annihilation of the gamma rays and creation of an electron-positron pair. The lowest energy (the "threshold energy") of incident photons for this production leaves the resulting electron and positron at rest with respect to the nucleus. (The nucleus acts as midwife to this birth and is not changed by the interaction.)
(a) What is the threshold energy $E_{\mathrm{p}}$ of each photon for this creation to take place?
(b) Generalize Eq. $38-18$ to define the mass $M_{\mathrm{s}}$ of a system of particles, given the total energy $E_{\mathrm{s}}$ and net momentum $p_{\mathrm{s}}$ of the system:
$$
M_{\mathrm{s}}^{2} c^{4} \equiv E_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}-p_{\mathrm{s}}^{2} c^{2}
$$
What is the mass $M_{\mathrm{s}}$ of the system of particles after the collision? Before the collision?
(c) Mass without mass? Now let the "nuclear" mass $m$ become less and less. In the limit $m \rightarrow 0$, what is the mass of the system after the collision? Before the collision? Before the collision, you apparently have a system with mass composed of "particles," each of which has zero mass. Does this make sense?

Zulfiqar Ali
Zulfiqar Ali
Numerade Educator
08:08

Problem 56

A gamma ray (an energetic photon) falls on a nucleus of initial mass $m$, initially at rest. The energy $E_{\mathrm{p}}$ of the incoming gamma ray matches the energy separation between the lowest energy of the nucleus and its first excited state, so the incident photon is absorbed. We want to know the mass $m^{*}$ of the excited nucleus. (see Fig. $38-13 .$ )
(a) Show that the conservation of energy and momentum equations are, in an obvious notation:
and
$$
\begin{array}{c}
E_{\mathrm{p}}+m c^{2}=E_{m^{*}} \\
\frac{E_{\mathrm{p}}}{c}=p_{m^{*}}=\frac{\left(E_{m^{*}}^{2}-m^{* 2} c^{4}\right)^{1 / 2}}{c} .
\end{array}
$$
(b) Combine the two conservation equations to find an expression for $m^{*}$ as a function of $E_{\mathrm{p}}, m$, and $c$.
(c) Show that for very small values of $E_{\mathrm{p}}$ the limiting result is $m^{*}=m .$ Explain why this limiting result is reasonable.

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
05:41

Problem 57

A radioactive nucleus of known initial mass $M$ and known initial total energy $E_{\mathrm{M}}$ emits a gamma ray (highenergy photon) in the direction of its motion, drops to its stable nonradioactive state of known mass $m$, and comes to rest. (see Fig. 38-14). Find an expression for the total energy $E_{\mathrm{M}}$ of the incoming nucleus. The unknown energy $E_{\mathrm{p}}$ of the outgoing gamma ray should not appear in your expression.

David Morabito
David Morabito
Numerade Educator
05:46

Problem 58

Review Problem 40 , in which we concluded that a limo of proper length $30 \mathrm{~m}$ can fit into a garage of proper length $6 \mathrm{~m}$ with room to spare. This result is possible because the speeding limo is observed by Garageman to be Lorentz -contracted. Carman protests that in the rest frame of the limo (in which the limo is its full proper length) it is the garage that is Lorentz-contracted. As a result, he claims, there is no possibility whatever that the limo can fit into the garage. What could be the possible basis for resolving this paradox? (Hint: Think about the space and time locations of two events: event A, front garage door closes and event $\mathrm{B}$, rear garage door opens.)

Jake Rempel
Jake Rempel
Numerade Educator
01:30

Problem 59

The famous twin paradox is often introduced as follows: Two identical twins grow up together on Earth. When they reach adulthood, one twin zooms to a distant star and returns to find her stay-at-home sister much older than she is. Thus far no paradox. But Alexis Allen formulates the Twin Paradox for us: "The theory of special relativity tells us that all motion is relative. With respect to the traveling twin, the Earth-bound twin moves away and then returns. Therefore it is the Earthbound twin who should be younger than the 'traveling' twin. But when they meet again at the same place, it cannot possibly be that each twin is younger than the other twin. This Twin Paradox disproves relativity." The paradox is usually resolved by realizing that the traveling twin turns around. Everyone agrees which twin turns around, since the reversal of direction slams the poor traveler against the bulkhead of the decelerating starship, breaking her collarbone. The turnaround, evidenced by the broken collarbone, destroys the symmetry required for the paradox to hold. Good-bye Twin Paradox! Still, Alexis's father Cyril Allen has his doubts about this resolution of the paradox. "Your solution is extremely unsatisfying. It forces me to ask: What if the retro-rockets malfunction and will not fire at all to slow me down as I approach a distant star a thousand light-years from Earth? Then I cannot even stop at that star, much less turn around and head back to Earth. Instead, I continue moving away from Earth forever at the original constant speed. Does this mean that as I pass the distant star, one thousand light-years from Earth, it is no longer possible to say that I have aged less than my Earth-bound twin? But if not, then I would never have even gotten to the distant star at all during my hundred-year lifetime! Your resolution of the Twin Paradox is insufficient and unsatisfying." Write a half-page response to Cyril Allen, answering his objections politely but decisively.

Dominador Tan
Dominador Tan
Numerade Educator
03:30

Problem 60

A train moves at $10 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ along the track. A passenger sprints toward the rear of the train at $10 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ with respect to the train. Our knee-jerk motto says that the train clocks "run slow" with respect to clocks on the track, and the runner's watch "runs slow" with respect to train clocks. Therefore the runner's watch should "run doubly slow" with respect to clocks on the track. But the runner is at rest with respect to the track. What gives? (This example illustrates the danger of the simple knee-jerk motto "Moving clocks run slow.")

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 61

You and a group of female and male friends stand outdoors at dusk watching the Sun set and noticing the planet Venus in the same direction as the Sun. An alien ship lands beside you at the same instant that you see the Sun explode. The aliens admit that earlier they shot a laser flash at the Sun, which caused the explosion. They warn that the Sun's explosion emitted an immense pulse of particles that will blow away Earth's atmosphere. In confirmation, a short time after the aliens land you notice Venus suddenly change color. You and your friends plead with the aliens to take your group away from Earth in order to establish the human gene pool elsewhere. They agree. Describe the conditions under which your escape plan will succeed. Be specific and use numbers. Assume that the Sun is 8 light-minutes from Earth and Venus is 2 light-minutes from Earth.

Dominador Tan
Dominador Tan
Numerade Educator