Anatomy & Physiology

J. Gordon Betts, Peter Desaix, Eddie Johnson

Chapter 2

The Chemical Level of Organization - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Visit this website (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ptable) to view the periodic table. In the periodic table of the elements, elements in a single column have the same number of electrons that can participate in a chemical reaction. These electrons are known as "valence electrons." For example, the elements in the first column all have a single valence electron - an electron that can be "donated" in a chemical reaction with another atom. What is the meaning of a mass number shown in parentheses?

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

2. Visit this website (htt:pellopenstaxcollege.org/1) electenergy) to learn about electrical energy and the attraction/repulsion of charges. What happens to the charged electroscope when a conductor is moved between its plastic sheets, and why?

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/1) disaccharide) to observe the formation of a disaccharide. What happens when water encounters a glycosidic bond?

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include __________
a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon
b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen
c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen
d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an __________.
a. electron
b. atom
c. elemental particle
d. isotope

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

6. The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of__________.
a. protons
b. neutrons
c. electrons
d. atoms

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59 . It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have__________.

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound?
a. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
b. $^{2} \mathrm{H}$
c. $\mathrm{H}_{2}$
d. $\mathrm{H}^{+}$

Angela Nelson

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Problem 10

A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with__________.
a. ionic bonds
b. nonpolar covalent bonds
c. polar covalent bonds
d. hydrogen bonds

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes
a. an ion
b. an anion
c. nonpolar
d. all of the above

Jenny Wu

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Problem 12

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n)__________.
a. noble gas
b. salt
c. electrolyte
d. dipole

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?
a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen.
c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules.
d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is __________.
a. potential energy
b. kinetic energy
c. radiant energy
d. activation energy

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

15. The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) __________reaction.
a. catabolic
b. synthesis
c. decomposition
d. exchange

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

$\mathrm{AB} \rightarrow \mathrm{A}+\mathrm{B}$ is a general notation for a(n)__________reaction.
a. anabolic
b. endergonic
c. decomposition
d. exchange

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

__________reactions release energy.
a. Catabolic
b. Exergonic
c. Decomposition
d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction?
a. hydrogen and hydrogen
b. hydrogen and helium
c. helium and helium
d. neon and helium

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that __________.
a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature
b. chewing stores potential energy
c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions
d. saliva contains enzymes

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Kimberly Valenta, M D

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

$\mathrm{CH}_{4}$ is methane. This compound is________
a. inorganic
b. organic
c. reactive
d. a crystal

Dennis Howard

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Problem 21

Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution?
a. sodium ions and chloride ions
b. NaCl molecules
c. salt crystals
d. red blood cells

Dennis Howard

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Problem 22

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-chip batter is an example of a __________.
a. solvent
b. solute
c. solution
d. suspension

Dennis Howard

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Problem 23

23. A substance dissociates into $K^{+}$ and $C^{-}$ in solution. The substance is a(n) __________.
a. acid
b. base
C. salt
d. buffer

Dennis Howard

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Problem 24

Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48 What does this mean?
a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic.
b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.
c. Ty's blood is highly acidic.
d. Ty's blood is within the normal range

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

$\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}$ is the chemical formula for a __________.
a. polymer of carbohydrate
b. pentose monosaccharide
c. hexose monosaccharide
d. all of the above

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel?
a. glucose
b. glycogen
c. galactose
d. glycerol

Dennis Howard

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Problem 27

Which of the following is a functional group that is part
of a building block of proteins?
a. phosphate
b. adenine
c. amino
d. ribose

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule?
a. polysaccharides
b. nucleic acids
c. phosphorylated glucose
d. glycogen

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

A phospholipid __________.
a. has both polar and nonpolar regions
b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group
c. is a building block of ATP
d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

Dennis Howard

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Problem 30

In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) __________.
a. beta chain
b. pleated sheet
c. alpha helix
d. double helix

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

Uracil __________.
a. contains nitrogen
b. is a pyrimidine
c. is found in RNA
d. all of the above

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as __________.
a. selectivity
b. specificity
c. subjectivity
d. specialty

Dennis Howard

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Problem 33

The most abundant elements in the foods and beverages you consume are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Why might having these elements in consumables be useful?

Kaela Piechowicz

Kaela Piechowicz

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Problem 34

Oxygen, whose atomic number is eight, has three stable isotopes: $^{16} \mathrm{O},^{17} \mathrm{O},$ and $^{18} \mathrm{O}$. Explain what this means in terms of the number of protons and neutrons.

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

Magnesium is an important element in the human body, especially in bones. Magnesium's atomic number is $12 .$ Is it stable or reactive? Why? If it were to react with another atom, would it be more likely to accept or to donate one or more electrons?

Anand Jangid

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Problem 36

Explain why $\mathrm{CH}_{4}$ is one of the most common molecules found in nature. Are the bonds between the atoms ionic or covalent?

Dennis Howard

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Problem 37

In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it still has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?

Dennis Howard

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Problem 38

Could two atoms of oxygen engage in ionic bonding? Why or why not?

Dennis Howard

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Problem 39

$\mathrm{AB}+\mathrm{CD} \rightarrow \mathrm{AD}+\mathrm{BE}$ Is this a legitimate example of an exchange reaction? Why or why not?

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

When you do a load of laundry, why do you not just drop a bar of soap into the washing machine? In other words, why is laundry detergent sold as a liquid or powder?

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

The pH of lemon juice is 2, and the pH of orange juice is 4. Which of these is more acidic, and by how much? What does this mean?

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

During a party, Eli loses a bet and is forced to drink a bottle of lemon juice. Not long thereafter, he begins complaining of having difficulty breathing, and his friends take him to the local emergency room. There, he is given an intravenous solution of bicarbonate. Why?

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

If the disaccharide maltose is formed from two glucose monosaccharides, which are hexose sugars, how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen does maltose contain and why?

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Once dietary fats are digested and absorbed, why can they not be released directly into the bloodstream?

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator