Section 1
Dalton's Atomic Theory
A student makes a compound of sulfur and oxygen. She uses $5.00 \mathrm{~g}$ of sulfur and $4.99 \mathrm{~g}$ of oxygen, and all of the elemental substances are completely used up. What is the percent sulfur in the compound?
A student makes two different compounds of nitrogen and oxygen using the masses shown below. In both cases, all of the elemental substances are completely used up.Compound $1 \quad 10.0 \mathrm{~g}$ nitrogen $+11.42 \mathrm{~g}$ oxygenCompound $2 \quad 10.0 \mathrm{~g}$ nitrogen $+22.84 \mathrm{~g}$ oxygenWhat is the percent oxygen in each compound?
A 101.96-g sample of a compound of aluminum and oxygen is $47.1 \%$ by mass oxygen.(a) What is the percent by mass aluminum in this compound?(b) Of the $101.96 \mathrm{~g}$ of this compound, how many grams are aluminum?
You visit France, where a local salesperson tries to sell you special water from a mountain spring. This water is supposed to be special because it has the formula $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}$. What law does this claim violate?
When coal (essentially pure carbon) is burned, it combines with atmospheric oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas. Nevertheless, when the coal burns, it seems to disappear. Why is this not a violation of the law of conservation of matter?
Using Dalton's ball-and-hook atomic model, sketch an explanation of how it is possible for hydrogen to combine with oxygen to form two different compounds-water $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)$ and hydrogen peroxide $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right)$.