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Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology

Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece

Chapter 16

The Evolution of Plants and Fungi - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

00:45

Problem 1

Which of the following structures is common to all four major plant groups? vascular tissue, flowers, seeds, cuticle, pollen

Guillaume Riesen
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00:30

Problem 2

Angiosperms are distinguished from all other plants because only angiosperms have reproductive structures called _____.

Guillaume Riesen
Guillaume Riesen
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01:48

Problem 3

Complete the following analogies:
a. Gametophyte is to haploid as is to diploid.
b. are to conifers as flowers are to ___
c. Ovule is to seed as ovary is to ________

Guillaume Riesen
Guillaume Riesen
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00:42

Problem 4

Under a microscope, a piece of a mushroom would look most like
a. jelly.
c. grains of sand.
b. a tangle of string.
d. a sponge.

Guillaume Riesen
Guillaume Riesen
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00:34

Problem 5

During the Carboniferous period, the dominant plants, which later formed the great coal beds, were mainly
a. mosses and other bryophytes.
b. ferns and other seedless vascular plants.
c. charophytes and other green algae.
d. conifers and other gymnosperms.

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Guillaume Riesen
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00:58

Problem 6

You discover a new species of plant. Under the microscope, you find that it produces flagellated sperm. A genetic analysis shows that its dominant generation has diploid cells. What kind of plant do you have?

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00:47

Problem 7

How does the evergreen nature of pines and other conifers adapt the plants for living where the growing season is very short?

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00:51

Problem 8

Which of the following terms includes all others in the list? angiosperm, fern, vascular plant, gymnosperm, seed plant

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Guillaume Riesen
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00:37

Problem 9

Plant diversity is greatest in
a. tropical forests.
b. the temperate forests of Europe.
C. deserts.
d. the oceans.

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Guillaume Riesen
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00:24

Problem 10

What is a fruit?

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00:57

Problem 11

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between
________ and_____.

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Guillaume Riesen
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00:33

Problem 12

Contrast the heterotrophic nutrition of a fungus with your own heterotrophic nutrition.

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00:41

Problem 13

For each statement below, identify which major theme is evident (the relationship of structure to function, information flow, pathways that transform energy and matter, interactions within biological systems, or evolution) and explain how the statement relates to the theme. If necessary, review themes (Chapter 1 ) and review the examples highlighted in blue in this chapter.
Gametophytes produce gametes that unite to form zygotes, which develop into new sporophytes. And sporophytes produce spores that give rise to new gametophytes, transmitting DNA through an alternation of generations.

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00:35

Problem 14

For each statement below, identify which major theme is evident (the relationship of structure to function, information flow, pathways that transform energy and matter, interactions within biological systems, or evolution) and explain how the statement relates to the theme. If necessary, review themes (Chapter 1 ) and review the examples highlighted in blue in this chapter.
Roots typically have many fine branches that thread among the grains of soil, providing a large surface area that maximizes contact with mineral-bearing water in the soil.

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00:43

Problem 15

For each statement below, identify which major theme is evident (the relationship of structure to function, information flow, pathways that transform energy and matter, interactions within biological systems, or evolution) and explain how the statement relates to the theme. If necessary, review themes (Chapter 1 ) and review the examples highlighted in blue in this chapter.
Vascular tissue was an adaptation that allowed ferns to colonize a greater variety of habitats than mosses.

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03:32

Problem 16

In April $1986,$ an accident at a nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine, scattered radioactive fallout for hundreds of miles. In assessing the biological effects of the radiation, researchers found mosses to be especially valuable as organisms for monitoring the damage. Radiation damages organisms by causing mutations. Explain why it is faster to observe the genetic effects of radiation on mosses than on other types of plants. Imagine that you are conducting tests shortly after a nuclear accident. Using potted moss plants as your experimental organisms, design an experiment to test the hypothesis that the frequency of mutations decreases with the organism's distance from the source of radiation.

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02:09

Problem 17

Airborne pollen of wind-pollinated plants such as pines, oaks, weeds, and grasses causes seasonal allergy symptoms in many people. As global warming lengthens the growing season for plants, scientists predict longer periods of misery for allergy sufferers. However, global warming does not affect all regions equally (see Figure 18.44 ). The table below shows the length of the average season in nine locations for ragweed pollen, an allergen that affects millions of people. Calculate the change in length of the pollen season from 1995 to 2009 for each location and graph this information against latitude. Is there a latitudinal trend in the length of ragweed season? You may want to record the data on a map to help you visualize the geographic locations at which samples were taken.
Data from: L. Ziska et al, Recent Warming by Latitude Associated with Increased Length of Ragweed Pollen Season in Central North America Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences $108: 4248-4251(2011)$

Shamshad Waris
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Problem 18

Why are tropical forests being destroyed so rapidly? What kinds of social, technological, and economic factors are responsible? Most forests in more industrialized Northern Hemisphere countries have already been cut. Do the more industrialized nations have a right to pressure the less industrialized nations in the Southern Hemisphere to slow or stop the destruction of their forests? Defend your answer. What kinds of benefits, incentives, or programs might slow the destruction of tropical forests?

Reniah Curry
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01:08

Problem 19

Many prescription drugs are derived from natural plant products. Numerous other plant substances, including caffeine and nicotine, have effects in the human body as well. There is also a wide array of plant products, in the form of pills, powders, or teas, marketed as herbal medicines. Some people prefer taking these "natural" products to pharmaceuticals. Others use herbal supplements to boost energy, promote weight loss, strengthen the immune system, relieve stress, and more. The
U.S. Federal Drug Administration, which approves pharmaceuticals, is also responsible for regulating herbal remedies. What does the label "FDAapproved" on an herbal remedy mean? How does that compare to FDA approval of a drug? The FDA website is a good place to start your research. (Note that the FDA classifies herbal remedies as dietary supplements.)

Guillaume Riesen
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