Introductory Statistics

Barbara Illowsky, Susan Dean

Chapter 6

The Normal Distribution - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

A bottle of water contains 12.05 fluid ounces with a standard deviation of 0.01 ounces. Define the random variable $X$ in words. $X=$_____.

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Problem 2

A normal distribution has a mean of 61 and a standard deviation of $15 .$ What is the median?

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Problem 3

$X \sim N(1,2)$ $\sigma=$

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Problem 4

A company manufactures rubber balls. The mean diameter of a ball is 12 cm with a standard deviation of 0.2 cm. Define the random variable X in words. X = _____.

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Problem 5

$X \sim N(-4,1)$ What is the median?

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Problem 6

$X \sim N(3,5)$ $\sigma=$_____.

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Problem 7

$X \sim N(-2,1)$ $\mu=$_____.

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Problem 8

What does a z-score measure?

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Problem 9

What does standardizing a normal distribution do to the mean?

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Problem 10

Is $X \sim N(0,1)$ a standardized normal distribution? Why or why not?

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Problem 11

What is the z-score of $x=12,$ if it is two standard deviations to the right of the mean?

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Problem 12

What is the $z$ -score of $x=9,$ if it is 1.5 standard deviations to the left of the mean?

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Problem 13

What is the $z$ -score of $x=-2,$ if it is 2.78 standard deviations to the right of the mean?

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Problem 14

What is the $z$ -score of $x=7,$ if it is 0.133 standard deviations to the left of the mean?

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Problem 15

Suppose $X \sim N(2,6) .$ What value of $x$ has a $z$ -score of three?

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Problem 16

Suppose $X \sim N(8,1) .$ What value of $x$ has a $z$ -score of $-2.25 ?$

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Problem 17

Suppose $X \sim N(9,5) .$ What value of $x$ has a $z$ -score of $-0.5 ?$

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Problem 18

Suppose $X \sim N(2,3) .$ What value of $x$ has a $z$ -score of $-0.67 ?$

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Problem 19

Suppose $X \sim N(4,2) .$ What value of $x$ is 1.5 standard deviations to the left of the mean?

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Problem 20

Suppose $X \sim N(4,2) .$ What value of $x$ is two standard deviations to the right of the mean?

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Problem 21

Suppose $X \sim N(8,9) .$ What value of $x$ is 0.67 standard deviations to the left of the mean?

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Problem 22

Suppose $X \sim N(-1,2) .$ What is the $z$ -score of $x=2 ?$

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Problem 23

Suppose $X \sim N(12,6) .$ What is the $z$ -score of $x=2 ?$

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Problem 24

Suppose $X \sim N(9,3) .$ What is the $z$ -score of $x=9 ?$

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Problem 25

Suppose a normal distribution has a mean of six and a standard deviation of $1.5 .$ What is the $z$ -score of $x=5.5 ?$

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Problem 26

In a normal distribution, x = 5 and z = –1.25. This tells you that x = 5 is ____ standard deviations to the ____ (right or left) of the mean.

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Problem 27

In a normal distribution, x = 3 and z = 0.67. This tells you that x = 3 is ____ standard deviations to the ____ (right or left) of the mean.

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Problem 28

In a normal distribution, x = –2 and z = 6. This tells you that x = –2 is ____ standard deviations to the ____ (right or left) of the mean.

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Problem 29

In a normal distribution, x = –5 and z = –3.14. This tells you that x = –5 is ____ standard deviations to the ____ (right or left) of the mean.

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Problem 30

In a normal distribution, x = 6 and z = –1.7. This tells you that x = 6 is ____ standard deviations to the ____ (right or left) of the mean.

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Problem 31

About what percent of x values from a normal distribution lie within one standard deviation (left and right) of the mean of that distribution?

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Problem 32

About what percent of the x values from a normal distribution lie within two standard deviations (left and right) of the mean of that distribution?

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Problem 33

About what percent of x values lie between the second and third standard deviations (both sides)?

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Problem 34

Suppose X ~ N(15, 3). Between what x values does 68.27% of the data lie? The range of x values is centered at the mean of the distribution (i.e., 15).

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Problem 35

Suppose X ~ N(–3, 1). Between what x values does 95.45% of the data lie? The range of x values is centered at the mean of the distribution(i.e., –3).

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Problem 36

Suppose X ~ N(–3, 1). Between what x values does 34.14% of the data lie?

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Problem 37

About what percent of x values lie between the mean and three standard deviations?

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Problem 38

About what percent of x values lie between the mean and one standard deviation?

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Problem 39

About what percent of x values lie between the first and second standard deviations from the mean (both sides)?

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Problem 40

About what percent of x values lie betwween the first and third standard deviations(both sides)?

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Problem 41

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The life of Sunshine CD players is normally distributed with mean of 4.1 years and a standard deviation of 1.3 years. A CD player is guaranteed for three years. We are interested in the length of time a CD player lasts.
Define the random variable X in words. X = _______________.

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Problem 42

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The life of Sunshine CD players is normally distributed with mean of 4.1 years and a standard deviation of 1.3 years. A CD player is guaranteed for three years. We are interested in the length of time a CD player lasts.
X ~ _____(_____,_____)

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Problem 43

How would you represent the area to the left of one in a probability statement?
Graph cannot copy

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Problem 44

What is the area to the right of one?
Graph cannot copy

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Problem 45

Is $P(x<1)$ equal to $P(x \leq 1) ?$ Why?

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Problem 46

How would you represent the area to the left of three in a probability statement?
Graph cannot copy

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Problem 47

What is the area to the right of three?
Graph cannot copy

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Problem 48

If the area to the left of x in a normal distribution is 0.123, what is the area to the right of x?

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Problem 49

If the area to the right of x in a normal distribution is 0.543, what is the area to the left of x?

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Problem 50

Use the following information to answer the next four exercises: X ~ N(54, 8)
Find the probability that $x>56$

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Problem 51

Use the following information to answer the next four exercises: X ~ N(54, 8)
Find the probability that $x<30$

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Problem 52

Use the following information to answer the next four exercises: X ~ N(54, 8)
Find the $80^{\text { th }}$ percentile.

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Problem 53

Use the following information to answer the next four exercises: X ~ N(54, 8)
Find the $60^{\text { th }}$ percentile.

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Problem 54

$X \sim N(6,2)$ Find the probability that $x$ is between three and nine.

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Problem 55

$X \sim N(-3,4)$ Find the probability that $x$ is between one and four.

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Problem 56

$X \sim N(4,5)$ Find the maximum of $x$ in the bottom quartile.

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Problem 57

Use the following information to answer the next three exercise: The life of Sunshine CD players is normally distributed with a mean of 4.1 years and a standard deviation of 1.3 years. A CD player is guaranteed for three years. We are interested in the length of time a CD player lasts. Find the probability that a CD player will break down during the guarantee period.
a. Sketch the situation. Label and scale the axes. Shade the region corresponding to the probability.
b. P(0 < x < ____________) = ___________ (Use zero for the minimum value of x.)

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Problem 58

Find the probability that a CD player will last between 2.8 and six years.
a. Sketch the situation. Label and scale the axes. Shade the region corresponding to the probability.
b. P(__________ < x < __________) = __________

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Problem 59

Find the $70^{\text { th }}$ percentile of the distribution for the time a CD player lasts.
a. Sketch the situation. Label and scale the axes. Shade the region corresponding to the lower 70%.
b. P(x < k) = __________ Therefore, k = _________

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Problem 60

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
What is the median recovery time?
a. 2.7
b. 5.3
c. 7.4
d. 2.1

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Problem 61

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
What is the z-score for a patient who takes ten days to recover?
a. 1.5
b. 0.2
c. 2.2
d. 7.3

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Problem 62

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
The length of time to find it takes to find a parking space at 9 A.M. follows a normal distribution with a mean of five minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes. If the mean is significantly greater than the standard deviation, which of the following statements is true?
I. The data cannot follow the uniform distribution.
II. The data cannot follow the exponential distribution..
III. The data cannot follow the normal distribution.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I, II, and III

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Problem 63

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
The heights of the 430 National Basketball Association players were listed on team rosters at the start of the 2005–2006 season. The heights of basketball players have an approximate normal distribution with mean, ? = 79 inches and a standard deviation, ? = 3.89 inches. For each of the following heights, calculate the z-score and interpret it using complete sentences.
a. 77 inches
b. 85 inches
c. If an NBA player reported his height had a z-score of 3.5, would you believe him? Explain your answer.

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Problem 64

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
The systolic blood pressure (given in millimeters) of males has an approximately normal distribution with mean ? = 125 and standard deviation ? = 14. Systolic blood pressure for males follows a normal distribution.
a. Calculate the z-scores for the male systolic blood pressures 100 and 150 millimeters.
b. If a male friend of yours said he thought his systolic blood pressure was 2.5 standard deviations below the mean, but that he believed his blood pressure was between 100 and 150 millimeters, what would you say to him?

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Problem 65

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
Kyle’s doctor told him that the z-score for his systolic blood pressure is 1.75. Which of the following is the best interpretation of this standardized score? The systolic blood pressure (given in millimeters) of males has an approximately normal distribution with mean ? = 125 and standard deviation ? = 14. If X = a systolic blood pressure score then X ~ N (125, 14).
a. Which answer(s) is/are correct?
i. Kyle’s systolic blood pressure is 175.
ii. Kyle’s systolic blood pressure is 1.75 times the average blood pressure of men his age.
iii. Kyle’s systolic blood pressure is 1.75 above the average systolic blood pressure of men his age.
iv. Kyles’s systolic blood pressure is 1.75 standard deviations above the average systolic blood pressure for men.
b. Calculate Kyle’s blood pressure.

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Problem 66

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
Height and weight are two measurements used to track a child’s development. The World Health Organization measures child development by comparing the weights of children who are the same height and the same gender. In 2009, weights for all 80 cm girls in the reference population had a mean ? = 10.2 kg and standard deviation ? = 0.8 kg. Weights are normally distributed. X ~ N(10.2, 0.8). Calculate the z-scores that correspond to the following weights and interpret them.
a. 11 kg
b. 7.9 kg
c. 12.2 kg

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Problem 67

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
In 2005, 1,475,623 students heading to college took the SAT. The distribution of scores in the math section of the SAT follows a normal distribution with mean ? = 520 and standard deviation ? = 115.
a. Calculate the z-score for an SAT score of 720. Interpret it using a complete sentence.
b. What math SAT score is 1.5 standard deviations above the mean? What can you say about this SAT score?
c. For 2012, the SAT math test had a mean of 514 and standard deviation 117. The ACT math test is an alternate to the SAT and is approximately normally distributed with mean 21 and standard deviation 5.3. If one person took the SAT math test and scored 700 and a second person took the ACT math test and scored 30, who did better with respect to the test they took?

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Problem 68

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
What is the probability of spending more than two days in recovery?
a. 0.0580
b. 0.8447
c. 0.0553
d. 0.9420

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Problem 69

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a standard deviation of 2.1 days.
The 90th percentile for recovery times is?
a. 8.89
b. 7.07
c. 7.99
d. 4.32

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Problem 70

Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: The length of time it takes to find a parking space at 9 A.M. follows a normal distribution with a mean of five minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes.
Based upon the given information and numerically justified, would you be surprised if it took less than one minute to find a parking space?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Unable to determine

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Problem 71

Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: The length of time it takes to find a parking space at 9 A.M. follows a normal distribution with a mean of five minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes.
Find the probability that it takes at least eight minutes to find a parking space.
a. 0.0001
b. 0.9270
c. 0.1862
d. 0.0668

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Problem 72

Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: The length of time it takes to find a parking space at 9 A.M. follows a normal distribution with a mean of five minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes.
Seventy percent of the time, it takes more than how many minutes to find a parking space?
a. 1.24
b. 2.41
c. 3.95
d. 6.05

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Problem 73

Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: The length of time it takes to find a parking space at 9 A.M. follows a normal distribution with a mean of five minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes.
According to a study done by De Anza students, the height for Asian adult males is normally distributed with an average
of 66 inches and a standard deviation of 2.5 inches. Suppose one Asian adult male is randomly chosen. Let X = height of
the individual.
a. X ~ _____(_____,_____)
b. Find the probability that the person is between 65 and 69 inches. Include a sketch of the graph, and write a probability statement.
c. Would you expect to meet many Asian adult males over 72 inches? Explain why or why not, and justify your answer numerically.
d. The middle 40% of heights fall between what two values? Sketch the graph, and write the probability statement.

Bryan Meares

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Problem 74

Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: The length of time it takes to find a parking space at 9 A.M. follows a normal distribution with a mean of five minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes.
IQ is normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Suppose one individual is randomly
chosen. Let X = IQ of an individual.
a. X ~ _____(_____,_____)
b. Find the probability that the person has an IQ greater than 120. Include a sketch of the graph, and write a probability statement.
c. MENSA is an organization whose members have the top 2% of all IQs. Find the minimum IQ needed to qualify for the MENSA organization. Sketch the graph, and write the probability statement.
d. The middle 50% of IQs fall between what two values? Sketch the graph and write the probability statement.

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Problem 75

Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: The length of time it takes to find a parking space at 9 A.M. follows a normal distribution with a mean of five minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes.
The percent of fat calories that a person in America consumes each day is normally distributed with a mean of about 36
and a standard deviation of 10. Suppose that one individual is randomly chosen. Let X = percent of fat calories.
a. X ~ _____(_____,_____)
b. Find the probability that the percent of fat calories a person consumes is more than 40. Graph the situation. Shade in the area to be determined.
c. Find the maximum number for the lower quarter of percent of fat calories. Sketch the graph and write the probability statement.

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Problem 76

Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: The length of time it takes to find a parking space at 9 A.M. follows a normal distribution with a mean of five minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes.
Suppose that the distance of fly balls hit to the outfield (in baseball) is normally distributed with a mean of 250 feet and
a standard deviation of 50 feet.
a. If X = distance in feet for a fly ball, then X ~ _____(_____,_____)
b. If one fly ball is randomly chosen from this distribution, what is the probability that this ball traveled fewer than 220 feet? Sketch the graph. Scale the horizontal axis X. Shade the region corresponding to the probability. Find the probability.
c. Find the 80th percentile of the distribution of fly balls. Sketch the graph, and write the probability statement.

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Problem 77

In China, four-year-olds average three hours a day unsupervised. Most of the unsupervised children live in rural areas, considered safe. Suppose that the standard deviation is 1.5 hours and the amount of time spent alone is normally distributed. We randomly select one Chinese four-year-old living in a rural area. We are interested in the amount of time the child spends alone per day.
a. In words, define the random variable X.
b. X ~ _____(_____,_____)
c. Find the probability that the child spends less than one hour per day unsupervised. Sketch the graph, and write the probability statement.
d. What percent of the children spend over ten hours per day unsupervised?
e. Seventy percent of the children spend at least how long per day unsupervised?

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Problem 78

In the 1992 presidential election, Alaska’s 40 election districts averaged 1,956.8 votes per district for President Clinton. The standard deviation was 572.3. (There are only 40 election districts in Alaska.) The distribution of the votes per district for President Clinton was bell-shaped. Let X = number of votes for President Clinton for an election district.
a. State the approximate distribution of X.
b. Is 1,956.8 a population mean or a sample mean? How do you know?
c. Find the probability that a randomly selected district had fewer than 1,600 votes for President Clinton. Sketch the graph and write the probability statement.
d. Find the probability that a randomly selected district had between 1,800 and 2,000 votes for President Clinton.
e. Find the third quartile for votes for President Clinton.

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Problem 79

Suppose that the duration of a particular type of criminal trial is known to be normally distributed with a mean of 21 days and a standard deviation of seven days.
a. In words, define the random variable X.
b. X ~ _____(_____,_____)
c. If one of the trials is randomly chosen, find the probability that it lasted at least 24 days. Sketch the graph and write the probability statement.
d. Sixty percent of all trials of this type are completed within how many days?

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Problem 80

Terri Vogel, an amateur motorcycle racer, averages 129.71 seconds per 2.5 mile lap (in a seven-lap race) with a standard deviation of 2.28 seconds. The distribution of her race times is normally distributed. We are interested in one of her randomly selected laps.
a. In words, define the random variable X.
b. X ~ _____(_____,_____)
c. Find the percent of her laps that are completed in less than 130 seconds.
d. The fastest 3% of her laps are under _____.
e. The middle 80% of her laps are from _______ seconds to _______ seconds.

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Problem 81

Thuy Dau, Ngoc Bui, Sam Su, and Lan Voung conducted a survey as to how long customers at Lucky claimed to wait in the checkout line until their turn. Let X = time in line. Table 6.3 displays the ordered real data (in minutes):
Table cannot copy
a. Calculate the sample mean and the sample standard deviation.
b. Construct a histogram.
c. Draw a smooth curve through the midpoints of the tops of the bars.
d. In words, describe the shape of your histogram and smooth curve.
e. Let the sample mean approximate ? and the sample standard deviation approximate ?. The distribution of X can then be approximated by X ~ _____(_____,_____)
f. Use the distribution in part e to calculate the probability that a person will wait fewer than 6.1 minutes.
g. Determine the cumulative relative frequency for waiting less than 6.1 minutes.
h. Why aren’t the answers to part f and part g exactly the same?
i. Why are the answers to part f and part g as close as they are?
j. If only ten customers has been surveyed rather than 50, do you think the answers to part f and part g would have been closer together or farther apart? Explain your conclusion.

Akhil Choudhary

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Problem 82

Suppose that Ricardo and Anita attend different colleges. Ricardo’s GPA is the same as the average GPA at his school. Anita’s GPA is 0.70 standard deviations above her school average. In complete sentences, explain why each of the following statements may be false.
a. Ricardo’s actual GPA is lower than Anita’s actual GPA.
b. Ricardo is not passing because his z-score is zero.
c. Anita is in the 70th percentile of students at her college.

Bryan Meares

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Problem 83

Table 6.4 shows a sample of the maximum capacity (maximum number of spectators) of sports stadiums. The table does not include horse-racing or motor-racing stadiums.
Table cannot copy
a. Calculate the sample mean and the sample standard deviation for the maximum capacity of sports stadiums (the data).
b. Construct a histogram.
c. Draw a smooth curve through the midpoints of the tops of the bars of the histogram.
d. In words, describe the shape of your histogram and smooth curve.
e. Let the sample mean approximate ? and the sample standard deviation approximate ?. The distribution of X can then be approximated by X ~ _____(_____,_____).
f. Use the distribution in part e to calculate the probability that the maximum capacity of sports stadiums is less than 67,000 spectators.
g. Determine the cumulative relative frequency that the maximum capacity of sports stadiums is less than 67,000 spectators. Hint: Order the data and count the sports stadiums that have a maximum capacity less than 67,000. Divide by the total number of sports stadiums in the sample.
h. Why aren’t the answers to part f and part g exactly the same?

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Problem 84

An expert witness for a paternity lawsuit testifies that the length of a pregnancy is normally distributed with a mean of 280 days and a standard deviation of 13 days. An alleged father was out of the country from 240 to 306 days before the birth of the child, so the pregnancy would have been less than 240 days or more than 306 days long if he was the father. The birth was uncomplicated, and the child needed no medical intervention. What is the probability that he was NOT the father? What is the probability that he could be the father? Calculate the z-scores first, and then use those to calculate the probability.

Ashley High

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Problem 85

A NUMMI assembly line, which has been operating since 1984, has built an average of 6,000 cars and trucks a week. Generally, 10% of the cars were defective coming off the assembly line. Suppose we draw a random sample of n = 100 cars. Let X represent the number of defective cars in the sample. What can we say about X in regard to the 68-95-99.7 empirical rule (one standard deviation, two standard deviations and three standard deviations from the mean are being referred to)? Assume a normal distribution for the defective cars in the sample.

Bryan Meares

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Problem 86

We flip a coin 100 times (n = 100) and note that it only comes up heads 20% (p = 0.20) of the time. The mean and standard deviation for the number of times the coin lands on heads is ? = 20 and ? = 4 (verify the mean and standard deviation). Solve the following:
a. There is about a 68% chance that the number of heads will be somewhere between ___ and ___.
b. There is about a ____chance that the number of heads will be somewhere between 12 and 28.
c. There is about a ____ chance that the number of heads will be somewhere between eight and 32.

Bryan Meares

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Problem 87

A $1 scratch off lotto ticket will be a winner one out of five times. Out of a shipment of n = 190 lotto tickets, find the probability for the lotto tickets that there are
a. somewhere between 34 and 54 prizes.
b. somewhere between 54 and 64 prizes.
c. more than 64 prizes.

Bryan Meares

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Problem 88

Facebook provides a variety of statistics on its Web site that detail the growth and popularity of the site. On average, 28 percent of 18 to 34 year olds check their Facebook profiles before getting out of bed in the morning. Suppose this percentage follows a normal distribution with a standard deviation of five percent.
a. Find the probability that the percent of 18 to 34-year-olds who check Facebook before getting out of bed in the morning is at least 30.
b. Find the 95th percentile, and express it in a sentence.

Bryan Meares

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