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Life: The Science of Biology

David Sadava, David M. Hills, H. Craig Heller

Chapter 27

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

01:14

Problem 1

Which statement about eukaryotic phytoplankton is not true?
a. Some are important primary producers.
b. Some contributed to the formation of petroleum.
c. Some form toxic "red tides."
d. Some are food for marine animals.
e. They constitute a clade.

Zachary Papazian
Zachary Papazian
Numerade Educator
01:17

Problem 2

The chloroplasts of photosynthetic protists
a. are structurally identical.
b. gave rise to mitochondria.
c. are all descended from a once free-living cyanobacterium.
d. all have exactly two surrounding membranes.
e. are all descended from a once free-living red alga.

Zachary Papazian
Zachary Papazian
Numerade Educator
00:50

Problem 3

Reproduction in protists
a. is sexual in some species
b. is asexual in some species.
c. can occur through both asexual and sexual processes in some species.
d. can occur independently of sex in some species.
e. All of the above

Zachary Papazian
Zachary Papazian
Numerade Educator
07:31

Problem 4

For each pair of groups below, describe how you could recognize members of the two groups and differentiate them from each another. Then describe features that the two groups in each pair share.
a. Foraminiferans and radiolarians
b. Ciliates and dinoflagellates
c. Diatoms and brown algae
d. Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds

Scott Rhodes
Scott Rhodes
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 5

Given that sex and reproduction are independent of each other in the ciliates, what does that suggest about the role of sex in maintenance of populations?

Zachary Papazian
Zachary Papazian
Numerade Educator
05:59

Problem 6

In most temperate regions of the oceans, there is a spring bloom of phytoplankton. Although the red tide blooms described at the opening of this chapter are harmful, phytoplankton blooms can also be beneficial for marine communities. In fact, many species of marine life depend on these blooms for their survival. The dates of spring phytoplankton blooms near the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, were determined by examining remote satellite images. The table below presents these dates as deviations from the mean date of the spring bloom in this region; it also gives the survival index for larval haddock (an important commercial fish) for the year after each bloom. The survival index is the ratio of the mass of juvenile fish to the mass of mature fish; higher values indicate better survival of larval fish.
Plot the survival index of larval haddock against the deviation in the date of the spring phytoplankton bloom. Calculate a correlation coefficient for their relationship (see Appendix B).

Scott Rhodes
Scott Rhodes
Numerade Educator
03:48

Problem 7

In most temperate regions of the oceans, there is a spring bloom of phytoplankton. Although the red tide blooms described at the opening of this chapter are harmful, phytoplankton blooms can also be beneficial for marine communities. In fact, many species of marine life depend on these blooms for their survival. The dates of spring phytoplankton blooms near the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, were determined by examining remote satellite images. The table below presents these dates as deviations from the mean date of the spring bloom in this region; it also gives the survival index for larval haddock (an important commercial fish) for the year after each bloom. The survival index is the ratio of the mass of juvenile fish to the mass of mature fish; higher values indicate better survival of larval fish.
Formulate one or more hypotheses to explain your results. Keep in mind that larval haddock include phytoplankton in their diet, and that phytoplankton blooms also provide some cover in which larval fish can hide from potential predators.

Scott Rhodes
Scott Rhodes
Numerade Educator
01:32

Problem 8

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are present in the nuclear genome of eukaryotes. There are also rRNA genes in the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Therefore photosynthetic eukaryotes have three different sets of rRNA genes, which encode the structural RNA of three separate sets of ribosomes. Translation of each genome takes place on its own set of ribosomes. The gene tree shows the evolutionary relationships among rRNA gene sequences isolated from the nuclear genomes of humans, yeast, and corn; from an archaeon (Halobacterium), a proteobacterium (E. coli), and a cyanobacterium (Chlorobium) and from the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of corn. Use the gene tree to answer the following questions.
Why aren't the three rRNA genes of corn one another's closest relatives?

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
02:05

Problem 9

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are present in the nuclear genome of eukaryotes. There are also rRNA genes in the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Therefore photosynthetic eukaryotes have three different sets of rRNA genes, which encode the structural RNA of three separate sets of ribosomes. Translation of each genome takes place on its own set of ribosomes. The gene tree shows the evolutionary relationships among rRNA gene sequences isolated from the nuclear genomes of humans, yeast, and corn; from an archaeon (Halobacterium), a proteobacterium (E. coli), and a cyanobacterium (Chlorobium) and from the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of corn. Use the gene tree to answer the following questions.
How would you explain the closer relationship of the mitochondrial rRNA gene of corn to the rRNA gene of $E .$ coli than to the nuclear rRNA genes of other eukaryotes? Can you explain the relationship of the rRNA gene from the chloroplast of corn to the rRNA gene of the cyanobacterium?

Josee Pacheco
Josee Pacheco
Numerade Educator
01:07

Problem 10

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are present in the nuclear genome of eukaryotes. There are also rRNA genes in the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Therefore photosynthetic eukaryotes have three different sets of rRNA genes, which encode the structural RNA of three separate sets of ribosomes. Translation of each genome takes place on its own set of ribosomes. The gene tree shows the evolutionary relationships among rRNA gene sequences isolated from the nuclear genomes of humans, yeast, and corn; from an archaeon (Halobacterium), a proteobacterium (E. coli), and a cyanobacterium (Chlorobium) and from the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of corn. Use the gene tree to answer the following questions.
If you were to sequence the rRNA genes from human and yeast mitochondrial genomes, where would you expect these two sequences to fit on the gene tree?

Josee Pacheco
Josee Pacheco
Numerade Educator