Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change

Martin S. Silberberg, Patricia G. Amateis

Chapter 10

The Shapes of Molecules - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Which of these atoms cannot serve as a central atom in a Lewis structure: (a) $\mathrm{O} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{He} ;(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{F} ;(\mathrm{d}) \mathrm{H} ;(\mathrm{e}) \mathrm{P}$ ? Explain.

Sidharth Anand

Sidharth Anand

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

When is a resonance hybrid needed to adequately depict the bonding in a molecule? Using $\mathrm{NO}_{2}$ as an example, explain how a resonance hybrid is consistent with the actual bond length, bond strength, and bond order.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

In which of these bonding patterns does X obey the octet rule?

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

What is required for an atom to expand its valence shell? Which of the following atoms can expand its valence shell: $\mathrm{F}, \mathrm{S}$ , $\mathrm{H}, \mathrm{Al}, \mathrm{Se}, \mathrm{Cl} ?$

JD

Jason Davis

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Draw a Lewis structure for (a) $\mathrm{SiF}_{4} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{SeCl}_{2} ;(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{COF}_{2}(\mathrm{Cis}$central).

Sidharth Anand

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Draw a Lewis structure for (a) $\mathrm{PH}_{4}^{+} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{4} ;(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{SbH}_{3}$.

JD

Jason Davis

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

Draw a Lewis structure for (a) $\mathrm{PF}_{3} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$ (both $\mathrm{H}$ atoms are attached to $\mathrm{O}$ atoms); (c) $\mathrm{CS}_{2}$ .

Sidharth Anand

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Draw a Lewis structure for $(\mathrm{a}) \mathrm{CH}_{4} \mathrm{S} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2} ;(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{CHCl}_{3}$.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

Draw Lewis structures of all the important resonance forms of (a) $\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{+} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{NO}_{2} \mathrm{F}(\mathrm{N} \text { is central). }$

Sidharth Anand

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Draw Lewis structures of all the important resonance forms of $(\mathrm{a}) \mathrm{HNO}_{3}\left(\mathrm{HONO}_{2}\right) ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{HAsO}_{4}^{2-}\left(\mathrm{HOAsO}_{3}^{2-}\right)$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Draw Lewis structures of all the important resonance forms of $(\mathrm{a}) \mathrm{N}_{3}^{-} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}$.

Sidharth Anand

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Draw Lewis structures of all the important resonance forms of (a) $\mathrm{HCO}_{2}^{-}(\mathrm{H} \text { is attached to } \mathrm{C}) ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{HBrO}_{4}\left(\mathrm{HOBrO}_{3}\right)$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Draw the Lewis structure with lowest formal charges, and determine the charge of each atom in (a) $\mathrm{IF}_{5} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{AlH}_{4}^{-}$.

Sidharth Anand

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

Draw the Lewis structure with lowest formal charges, and determine the charge of each atom in (a) $\mathrm{OCS} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{NO}$.

JD

Jason Davis

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Draw the Lewis structure with lowest formal charges, and determine the charge of each atom in (a) $\mathrm{CN}^{-} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{ClO}^{-}$.

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

Draw the Lewis structure with lowest formal charges, and determine the charge of each atom in (a) $\mathrm{BF}_{4}^{-} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{ClNO}$.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Draw a Lewis structure for a resonance form of each ion with the lowest possible formal charges, show the charges, and give oxidation numbers of the atoms: (a) $\mathrm{BrO}_{3}^{-} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{SO}_{3}^{2-}$.

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Draw a Lewis structure for a resonance form of each ion with the lowest possible formal charges, show the charges, and give oxidation numbers of the atoms: (a) $\mathrm{AsO}_{4}^{3-} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{ClO}_{2}^{-}$.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

These species do not obey the octet rule. Draw a Lewis structure for each, and state the type of octet rule exception:
(a) $\mathrm{BH}_{3} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{AsF}_{4}^{-} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{SeCl}_{4}$

Sidharth Anand

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

These species do not obey the octet rule. Draw a Lewis structure for each, and state the type of octet-rule exception:
(a) $\mathrm{PF}_{6}^{-} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{ClO}_{3} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{3}$ (one $\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{H}$ bond $)$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

These species do not obey the octet rule. Draw a Lewis structure for each, and state the type of octet-rule exception:
(a) $\mathrm{BrF}_{3} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{ICl}_{2}^{-} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{BeF}_{2}$

Sidharth Anand

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

These species do not obey the octet rule. Draw a Lewis structure for each, and state the type of octet-rule exception:
(a) $\mathrm{O}_{3}^{-} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{XeF}_{2} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{SbF}_{4}-$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Molten beryllium chloride reacts with chloride ion from molten $\mathrm{NaCl}$ to form the $\mathrm{BeCl}_{4}^{2-}$ ion, ion, in which the $\mathrm{Be}$ atom attains an octet. Show the net ionic reaction with Lewis structures.

Sidharth Anand

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

Despite many attempts, the perbromate ion $\left(\mathrm{BrO}_{4}^{-}\right)$ was not prepared in the laboratory until about 1970 . In fact, articles were published explaining theoretically why it could never be prepared!) Draw a Lewis structure for $\mathrm{BrO}_{4}^{-}$ in which all atoms have lowest formal charges.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

Cryolite $\left(\mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{AlF}_{6}\right)$ is an indispensable component in the electrochemical production of aluminum. Draw a Lewis structure for the AlF $_{6}^{3-}$ ion.

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

Phosgene is a colorless, highly toxic gas that was employed against troops in World War I and is used today as a key reactant in organic syntheses. From the following resonance structures, select the one with the lowest formal charges:

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

If you know the formula of a molecule or ion, what is the first step in predicting its shape?

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

In what situation is the name of the molecular shape the same as the name of the electron-group arrangement?

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

Which of the following numbers of electron groups can give rise to a bent (V-shaped) molecule: two, three, four, five, six? Draw an example for each case, showing the shape classification $\left(\mathrm{AX}_{m} \mathrm{E}_{n}\right)$ and the ideal bond angle.

Derek Lockett

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

Name all the molecular shapes that have a tetrahedral electron-group arrangement.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

Consider the following molecular shapes. (a) Which has the most electron pairs (both shared and unshared) around the central atom? (b) Which has the most unshared pairs around the central atom? (c) Do any have only shared pairs around the central atom?

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

Use wedge-bond perspective drawings (if necessary) to sketch the atom positions in a general molecule of formula (not shape class) AX $_{n}$ that has each of the following shapes:
(a) V shaped $\quad$ (b) trigonal planar $\quad$ (c) trigonal bipyramidal
(d) T shaped $\quad$ (e) trigonal pyramidal $\quad$ (f) square pyramidal

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

What would you expect to be the electron-group arrangement around atom A in each of the following cases? For each arrangement, give the ideal bond angle and the direction of any expected deviation:

Derek Lockett

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

Determine the electron-group arrangement, molecular shape, and ideal bond angle(s) for each of the following:
(a) $\mathrm{O}_{3} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{NF}_{3}$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

Determine the electron-group arrangement, molecular shape, and ideal bond angle(s) for each of the following:
(a) $\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{PH}_{3}$

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

Determine the electron-group arrangement, molecular shape, and ideal bond angle(s) for each of the following:
(a) $\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{SO}_{2} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{CF}_{4}$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

Determine the electron-group arrangement, molecular shape, and ideal bond angle(s) for each of the following:
(a) $\mathrm{SO}_{3} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}$($\mathrm{N}$ is central) $\quad$ (c) $\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Name the shape and give the $\mathrm{AX}_{m} \mathrm{E}_{n}$ classification and ideal bond angle(s) for each of the following general molecules:

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Name the shape and give the $A X_{m}$ E classification and ideal bond angle(s) for each of the following general molecules:

Derek Lockett

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

Determine the shape, ideal bond angle(s), and the direction of any deviation from those angles for each of the following:
(a) $\mathrm{ClO}_{2}^{-} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{PF}_{5} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{Se} \mathrm{F}_{4} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{KrF}_{2}$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Determine the shape, ideal bond angle(s), and the direction of any deviation from those angles for each of the following:
(a) $\mathrm{ClO}_{3}^{-} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{IF}_{4}^{-} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{SeOF}_{2} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{TeF}_{5}^{-}$

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

Determine the shape around each central atom in each molecule, and explain any deviation from ideal bond angles:
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\left(\mathrm{O}_{2} \mathrm{NNO}_{2}\right)$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

Determine the shape around each central atom in each molecule, and explain any deviation from ideal bond angles:
(a) $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}(\mathrm{no} \mathrm{H}-\mathrm{P} \text { bond }) \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Determine the shape around each central atom in each molecule, and explain any deviation from ideal bond angles:
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

Determine the shape around each central atom in each molecule, and explain any deviation from ideal bond angles:
(a) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{3}(\mathrm{no} \mathrm{H}-\mathrm{S} \text { bond }) \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\left(\mathrm{ONNO}_{2}\right)$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

Arrange the following $A F_{n}$ species in order of increasing $\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{A}-\mathrm{F}$ bond angles: $\mathrm{BF}_{3}, \mathrm{BeF}_{2}, \mathrm{CF}_{4}, \mathrm{NF}_{3}, \mathrm{OF}_{2}$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

Arrange the following $\mathrm{ACl}_{n}$ species in order of decreasing $\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{A}-\mathrm{Cl}$ bond angles: $\mathrm{SCl}_{2}, \mathrm{OCl}_{2}, \mathrm{PCl}_{3}, \mathrm{SiCl}_{4}, \mathrm{SiCl}_{6}^{2-}$.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

State an ideal value for each of the bond angles in each molecule, and note where you expect deviations:

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

State an ideal value for each of the bond angles in each molecule, and note where you expect deviations:

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

Because both tin and carbon are members of Group 4A(14), they form structurally similar compounds. But tin exhibits a greater variety of structures because it forms several ionic species. Predict the shapes and ideal bond angles, including any deviations:
(a) $\mathrm{Sn}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{SnCl}_{3}^{-2} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{Sn}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{4}$
(d) $\mathrm{SnF}_{5}^{-} \quad$ (e) $\mathrm{SnF}_{6}^{2-}$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

In the gas phase, phosphorus pentachloride exists as separate molecules. In the solid phase, however, the compound is composed of alternating $\mathrm{PCl}_{4}^{+}$ and $\mathrm{PCl}_{6}-$ ions. What change(s) in molecular shape occur(s) as PCl_ solidifies? How does the $\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{Cl}$ angle change?

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

For molecules of general formula $\mathrm{AX}_{n}$ (where $n>2 )$ , how do you determine if a molecule is polar?

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

How can a molecule with polar covalent bonds not be polar? Give an example.

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

Explain in general why the shape of a biomolecule is important to its function.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

Consider the molecules $\mathrm{SCl}_{2}, \mathrm{F}_{2}, \mathrm{CS}_{2}, \mathrm{CF}_{4},$ and $\mathrm{BrCl}$ .
(a) Which has bonds that are the most polar?
(b) Which molecules have a dipole moment?

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

Consider the molecules $\mathrm{BF}_{3}, \mathrm{PF}_{3}, \mathrm{BrF}_{3}, \mathrm{SF}_{4},$ and $\mathrm{SF}_{6}$
(a) Which has bonds that are the most polar?
(b) Which molecules have a dipole moment?

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

Which molecule in each pair has the greater dipole moment? Give the reason for your choice.
(a) $\mathrm{SO}_{2}$ or $\mathrm{SO}_{3} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{ICl}$ or $\mathrm{IF}$
(c) $\mathrm{SiF}_{4}$ or $\mathrm{SF}_{4} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ or $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}$

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

Which molecule in each pair has the greater dipole moment? Give the reason for your choice.
(a) $\mathrm{ClO}_{2}$ or $\mathrm{SO}_{2} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{HBr}$ or $\mathrm{HCl}$
(c) $\mathrm{BeCl}_{2}$ or $\mathrm{SCl}_{2} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{AsF}_{3}$ or $\mathrm{AsF}_{5}$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

There are three different dichloroethylenes (molecular formula $C_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2},$ which we can designate $\mathrm{X}, \mathrm{Y},$ and $\mathrm{Z}$ . Compound $\mathrm{X}$ has no dipole moment, but compound Z does. Compounds $\mathrm{X}$ and $\mathrm{Z}$ each combine with hydrogen to give the same product:
$$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}(\mathrm{X} \text { or } \mathrm{Z})+\mathrm{H}_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{ClCH}_{2}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}$$
What are the structures of X, Y, and Z? Would you expect compound Y to have a dipole moment?

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

Dinitrogen difluoride, $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{2},$ is the only stable, simple inorganic molecule with an $\mathrm{N}=\mathrm{N}$ bond. It occurs in $c i s$ and trans forms.
(a) Draw the molecular shapes of the two forms of $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{2}$ .
(b) Predict the direction of the polarity, if any, of each form.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

In addition to ammonia, nitrogen forms three other hydrides: hydrazine $\left(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\right),$ diazene $\left(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2}\right),$ and tetrazene $\left(\mathrm{N}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{4}\right) .$
(a) Use Lewis structures to compare the strength, length, and order of the nitrogen-nitrogen bonds in hydrazine, diazene, and $\mathrm{N}_{2}$.
(b) Tetrazene (atom sequence $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{NNN} \mathrm{NH}_{2} )$ decomposes above $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to hydrazine and nitrogen gas. Draw a Lewis structure for tetrazene, and calculate $\Delta H_{\mathrm{rxn}}^{\circ}$ for this decomposition.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

Draw a Lewis structure for each species: (a) $\mathrm{PF}_{5} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{CCl}_{4}$; (c) $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+} ;$ (d) $\mathrm{ICl}_{3} ;(\mathrm{e}) \operatorname{BeH}_{2} ;(\mathrm{f}) \mathrm{PH}_{2}^{-} ;(\mathrm{g}) \operatorname{GeBr}_{4} ;(\mathrm{h}) \mathrm{CH}_{3}^{-}$;(i) $\mathrm{BCl}_{3} ;(\mathrm{j}) \mathrm{BrF}_{4}^{+} ;(\mathrm{k}) \mathrm{XeO}_{3} ;(\mathrm{l}) \mathrm{TeF}_{4}$.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

Give the molecular shape of each species in Problem 10.62.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

Consider the following reaction of silicon tetrafluoride:
$$\mathrm{SiF}_{4}+\mathrm{F}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{SiF}_{5}^{-}$$
(a) Which depiction below best illustrates the change in molecular shape around $\mathrm{Si} ?$ (b) Give the name and $\mathrm{AX}_{m} \mathrm{E}_{n}$ designation of each shape in the depiction chosen in part (a).

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

Both aluminum and iodine form chlorides, Al $_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{6}$ and $\mathrm{I}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{6}$ , with "bridging" Cl atoms. The Lewis structures are
(a) What is the formal charge on each atom? (b) Which of these molecules has a planar shape? Explain.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

The VSEPR model was developed before any xenon compounds had been prepared. Thus, these compounds provided an excellent test of the model's predictive power. What would you have predicted for the shapes of $\mathrm{XeF}_{2}, \mathrm{XeF}_{4},$ and $\mathrm{XeF}_{6} ?$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

When $\mathrm{SO}_{3}$ gains two electrons, SO_{3} ^ { 2 - } forms. (a) Which depiction best illustrates the change in molecular shape around $\mathrm{S}$ ? (b) Does molecular polarity change during this reaction?

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

The actual bond angle in NO $_{2}$ is $134.3^{\circ},$ and in $\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}$ it is $115.4^{\circ},$ although the ideal bond angle is $120^{\circ}$ for both. Explain.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

"Inert" xenon actually forms several compounds, especially with the highly electronegative elements oxygen and fluorine. The simple fluorides XeF, $\mathrm{XeF}_{4},$ and $\mathrm{XeF}_{6}$ are all formed by direct reaction of the elements. As you might expect from the size of the xenon atom, the $\mathrm{Xe}-\mathrm{F}$ bond is not a strong one. Calculate the $\mathrm{Xe}-\mathrm{F}$ bond energy in $\mathrm{XeF}_{6},$ given that the enthalpy of formation is $-402 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol} .$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

Propylene oxide is used to make many products, including plastics such as polyurethane. One method for synthesizing it involves oxidizing propene with hydrogen peroxide:
(a) What is the molecular shape and ideal bond angle around each carbon atom in propylene oxide?
(b) Predict any deviation from the ideal for the actual $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$
bond angles (assume the three atoms in the ring form an equilateral triangle).

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 71

Chloral, $\mathrm{Cl}_{3} \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{O}$ , reacts with water to form the sedative and hypnotic agent chloral hydrate, $\mathrm{Cl}_{3} \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH} (\mathrm{OH})_{2} .$ Draw Lewis structures for these substances, and describe the change in molecular shape, if any, that occurs around each of the carbon atoms during the reaction.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 72

Like several other bonds, carbon-oxygen bonds have lengths and strengths that depend on the bond order. Draw Lewis structures for the following species, and arrange them in order of increasing carbon-oxygen bond length and then by increasing carbon-oxygen bond strength: (a) $\mathrm{CO}
(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-} ;(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO} ;$ (d) $\mathrm{CH}_{4} \mathrm{O} ;(\mathrm{e}) \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}(\mathrm{H}$ attached to $\mathrm{O})$ .

KD

Katherine Decker

Numerade Educator

Problem 73

In the $1980 s,$ there was an international agreement to destroy all stockpiles of mustard gas, $\mathrm{ClCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}$ . When this substance contacts the moisture in eyes, nasal passages, and skin, the - OH groups of water replace the Cl atoms and create high local concentrations of hydrochloric acid, which cause-severe blistering and tissue destruction. Write a balanced equation for this reaction, and calculate $\Delta H_{\text { rxn. }}^{\circ}$

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 74

The four bonds of carbon tetrachloride (CCl_ are polar, but the molecule is nonpolar because the bond polarity is canceled by the symmetric tetrahedral shape. When other atoms substitute for some of the Cl atoms, the symmetry is broken and the molecule becomes polar. Use Figure 9.21$(\mathrm{p} .381)$ to rank the following molecules from the least polar to the most polar: $\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Br}_{2}, \mathrm{CF}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}$ , $\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{2}, \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}, \mathrm{CBr}_{4}, \mathrm{CF}_{2} \mathrm{Br}_{2}$.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 75

Ethanol $\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}\right)$ is being used as a gasoline additive or alternative in many parts of the world.
(a) Use bond energies to find $\Delta H_{\mathrm{rm}}^{\circ}$ for the combustion of gaseous ethanol. (Assume $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ forms as a gas.)
(b) In its standard state at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ , ethanol is a liquid. Its vaporization requires 40.5 $\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$ . Correct the value from part (a) to find the enthalpy of reaction for the combustion of liquid ethanol.
(c) How does the value from part (b) compare with the value you calculate from standard enthalpies of formation (Appendix B)?
(d) "Greener" methods produce ethanol from corn and other plant material, but the main industrial method involves hydrating ethylene from petroleum. Use Lewis structures and bond energies to calculate $\Delta H_{\mathrm{ran}}^{\circ}$ for the formation of gaseous ethanol from ethylene gas with water vapor.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 76

In the following compounds, the $C$ atoms form a single ring. Draw a Lewis structure for each compound, identify cases for which resonance exists, and determine the carbon-carbon bond order(s): (a) $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{4} ;(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} ;(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{6} ;(\mathrm{d}) \mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{4} ;(\mathrm{e}) \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}$.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 77

An experiment requires 50.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ of 0.040 $\mathrm{M}$ NaOH for the titration of 1.00 $\mathrm{mmol}$ of acid. Mass analysis of the acid shows 2.24$\%$ hydrogen, 26.7$\%$ carbon, and 71.1$\%$ oxygen. Draw the Lewis structure of the acid.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 78

A gaseous compound has a composition by mass of 24.8$\%$ carbon, 2.08$\%$ hydrogen, and 73.1$\%$ chlorine. At STP, the gas has a density of 4.3 $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L}$ . Draw a Lewis structure that fits these facts. Would another structure be equally satisfactory? Explain.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 79

Perchlorates are powerful oxidizing agents used in fireworks, flares, and the booster rockets of space shuttles. Lewisstructures for the perchlorate ion (ClO $_{4}^{-} )$ can be drawn with all single bonds or with one, two, or three double bonds. Draw each of these possible resonance forms, use formal charges to determine the most important, and calculate its average bond order.

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 80

Methane burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. Hydrogen sulfide burns in oxygen to form sulfur dioxide and water vapor. Use bond energies (Table $9.2, \mathrm{p} .371$ ) to determine the enthalpy of each reaction per mole of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ (assume Lewis structures with zero formal charges; $\mathrm{EE}$ of $\mathrm{S}=\mathrm{O}$ is 552 $\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol} )$.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 81

Use Lewis structures to determine which two of the following are unstable: (a) $\mathrm{SF}_{2}
(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{SF}_{3} ;(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{SF}_{4} ;(\mathrm{d}) \mathrm{SF}_{5}
(\mathrm{e}) \mathrm{SF}_{6} .$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 82

A major short-lived, neutral species in flames is OH.
(a) What is unusual about the electronic structure of $\mathrm{OH}$ ?
(b) Use the standard enthalpy of formation of $\mathrm{OH}(g)(39.0 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol})$ and bond energies to calculate the $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bond energy in $\mathrm{OH}(g)$.
(c) From the average value for the O- $\mathrm{H}$ bond energy in Table 9.2 $(\mathrm{p} .371)$ and your value for the $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bond energy in $\mathrm{OH}(g),$ find the energy needed to break the first $\mathrm{O}- \mathrm{H}$ bond in water.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 83

Pure $\mathrm{HN}_{3}$ ( atom sequence HNNN) is explosive. In aqueous solution, it is a weak acid that yields the azide ion, $\mathrm{N}_{3}$ . Draw resonance structures to explain why the nitrogen-nitrogen bond lengths are equal in $\mathrm{N}_{3}-$ but unequal in $\mathrm{HN}_{3}$ .

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 84

Except for nitrogen, the elements of Group 5 $\mathrm{A}(15)$ all form pentafluorides, and most form pentachlorides. The chlorine atoms of $\mathrm{PCl}_{5}$ can be replaced with fluorine atoms one at a time to give, successively, $\mathrm{PCl}_{4} \mathrm{F}, \mathrm{PCl}_{3} \mathrm{F}_{2}, \ldots, \mathrm{PF}_{5} .$ (a) Given the sizes of $\mathrm{F}$ and $\mathrm{Cl},$ would you expect the first two $\mathrm{F}$ substitutions to be at axial or equatorial positions? Explain. (b) Which of the five fluorine-containing molecules have no dipole moment?

Shahina -

Numerade Educator

Problem 85

Dinitrogen monoxide $\left(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)$ supports combustion in a manner similar to oxygen, with the nitrogen atoms forming $\mathrm{N}_{2} .$ Draw three resonance structures for $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ (one $\mathrm{N}$ is central), and use formal charges to decide the relative importance of each. What correlation can you suggest between the most important structure and the observation that $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ supports combustion?

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 86

Oxalic acid $\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\right)$ is found in toxic concentrations in rhubarb leaves. The acid forms two ions, $\mathrm{HC}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{-}$ and $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}$ by the sequential loss of $\mathrm{H}^{+}$ ions. Draw Lewis structures for the three species, and comment on the relative lengths and strengths of their carbon-oxygen bonds. The connections among the atoms are shown below with single bonds only.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 87

The Murchison meteorite that landed in Australia in 1969 contained 92 different amino acids, including 21 found in Earth organisms. A skeleton structure (single bonds only) of one of these extraterrestrial amino acids is shown below.
Draw a Lewis structure, and identify any atoms having a nonzero formal charge.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 88

Hydrazine $\left(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\right)$ is used as a rocket fuel because it reacts very exothermically with oxygen to form nitrogen gas and water vapor. The heat released and the increase in number of moles of gas provide thrust. Calculate the enthalpy of reaction.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 89

A student isolates a product with the molecular shape shown at right (F is orange). (a) If the species is a neutral compound, can the black sphere represent selenium (Se)? (b) If the species is an anion, can the black sphere represent $\mathrm{N} ?$ (c) If the black sphere represents Br, what is the charge of the species?

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 90

When gaseous sulfur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid, disulfuric acid forms:
$$\mathrm{SO}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}(l)$$
Use bond energies (Table $9.2, \mathrm{p} .371 )$ to determine $\Delta H_{\mathrm{rxn}^{+}}^{\circ} .$ The $\mathrm{S}$ atoms in $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}$ are bonded through an $\mathrm{O}$ atom. Assume Lewis
structures with zero formal charges; BE of $\mathrm{S}=\mathrm{O}$ is 552 $\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$ .)

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 91

A molecule of formula $A Y_{3}$ is found experimentally to be polar. Which molecular shapes are possible and which are impossible for $A Y_{3} ?$

Sam Limsuwannarot

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

Problem 92

Consider the following molecular shapes:
(a) Match each shape with one of the following species: $\mathrm{XeF}_{3}^{+}$ , $\mathrm{SbBr}_{3}, \mathrm{GaCl}_{3}$ .
(b) Which, if any, is polar?
(c) Which has the most valence electrons around the central atom?

Ava Perkins

Numerade Educator

Problem 93

Hydrogen cyanide can be catalytically reduced with hydrogen to form methylamine. Use Lewis structures and bond energies to determine $\Delta H_{\text { ren }}^{\circ}$ for
$$\mathrm{HCN}(g)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}(g)$$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 94

Ethylene, $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4},$ and tetrafluoroethylene, $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{4},$ are used to make the polymers polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), respectively.
(a) Draw the Lewis structures for $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{4},$ and give the ideal $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$ and $\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{F}$ bond angles.
(b) The actual $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$ and $\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{F}$ bond angles are $117.4^{\circ}$ and $112.4^{\circ},$ respectively. Explain these deviations.

Freddie Montague

Freddie Montague

Numerade Educator

Problem 95

Using bond lengths in Table 9.2$(\mathrm{p} .371)$ and assuming ideal geometry, calculate each of the following distances:
(a) Between $\mathrm{H}$ atoms in $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2}$
(b) Between $\mathrm{F}$ atoms in $\mathrm{SF}_{6}$ (two answers)
(c) Between equatorial $\mathrm{F}$ atoms in $\mathrm{PF}_{5}$

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator

Problem 96

Phosphorus pentachloride, a key industrial compound with annual world production of about $2 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{kg},$ is used to make other compounds. It reacts with sulfur dioxide to produce phosphorus oxychloride $\left(\mathrm{POCl}_{3}\right)$ and thionyl chloride $\left(\mathrm{SOCl}_{2}\right)$ Draw a Lewis structure and name the molecular shape of each of these products.

Nayan Pawar

Numerade Educator