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Introduction to Chemistry

Bishop

Chapter 2

The Structure of Matter and the Chemical Elements - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

02:08

Problem 1

Define the term matter.

Pronoy Sinha
Pronoy Sinha
Numerade Educator
01:51

Problem 2

Look around you. What do you see that has a length of about a meter? What do you see that has a mass of about a gram?

Ethan Fuhrman
Ethan Fuhrman
Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Scientific models are like architects’ models; they are _____________ representations of something real.

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Problem 4

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

According to the model presented in this chapter, all matter is composed of tiny _____________.

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Problem 5

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

According to the model presented in this chapter, particles of matter are in constant _____________.

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Problem 6

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

According to the model presented in this chapter, the amount of motion of particles is proportional to _____________.

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Problem 7

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Solids, gases, and liquids differ in the freedom of motion of their particles and in how strongly the particles _____________ each other.

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Problem 8

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

An increase in temperature usually causes a solid to _____________ somewhat.

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Problem 9

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Particles in a liquid are still close together, but there is generally more _____________ between them than in a solid. Thus, when a solid substance melts to form a liquid, it usually _____________ to fill a slightly larger volume.

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Problem 10

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

The freedom of movement of particles in a liquid allows liquids to _____________, taking on the shape of their container.

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Problem 11

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

When a liquid’s temperature is higher, its particles are moving faster and are therefore more likely to _____________ from the liquid.

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Problem 12

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

The average distance between particles in a gas is about _____________ the diameter of each particle. This leads to the gas particles themselves taking up only about _____________ of the total volume. The other _____________ of the total volume is empty space. In contrast, the particles of a liquid fill about _____________ of the liquid’s total volume.

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Problem 13

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

According to our model, each particle in a gas moves freely in a(n) _____________ until it collides with another gas particle or with the particles of a liquid or solid.

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Problem 14

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

A liquid has a constant volume, but the _____________ movement of the gas particles allows gases to expand to fill a container of any shape or volume.

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Problem 15

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Elements are substances that cannot be chemically converted into _____________ ones.

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Problem 16

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

By the year 2000, _____________ elements had been discovered, but _____________ of these elements are not found naturally on the earth, and chemists do not generally work with them.

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Problem 17

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

The periodic table is arranged in such a way that elements in the same _____________ have similar characteristics.

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Problem 18

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Metals are malleable, which means they are capable of being _____________ by the blows of a hammer.

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Problem 19

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

At room temperature (20 °C) and normal pressures, most of the elements are _____________, two of them are _____________ (Hg and Br), and eleven are _____________ (H, N, O, F, Cl, and the noble gases).

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Problem 20

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

For our purposes, we can think of the atom as a sphere with a diameter of about _____________ meter.

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Problem 21

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

A $1 / 2$-carat diamond contains about $5 \times 10^{21}$ atoms of carbon. If these atoms, tiny as they are, were arranged in a straight line with each one touching its neighbors, the line would stretch from here to the _______.

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Problem 22

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

We know that objects of opposite charge attract each other and that objects of the same charge _____________ each other.

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Problem 23

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

The diameter of a typical nucleus is about _____________ meter.

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Problem 24

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Nearly all the mass of the atom and all of its positive charge are found in a nucleus of about _____________ the diameter of the atom itself.

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Problem 25

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Chemists use a model for electrons in which each electron is visualized as generating a(n) _____________ of negative charge that surrounds the nucleus.

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Problem 26

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

When an atom _____________ one or more electrons, it will have more protons than electrons and more plus charge than minus charge. Thus it becomes a cation, which is an ion with a positive charge.

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Problem 27

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

When an atom _____________ one or more electrons, it then has more electrons than protons and more minus charge than plus charge. Thus it becomes an anion, which is an ion with a negative charge.

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Problem 28

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Although all of the atoms of a specific element have the same number of _____________ (and the same number of electrons in uncharged atoms), they do not necessarily all have the same number of _____________.

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Problem 29

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Atoms are assigned to elements on the basis of their _____________ characteristics.

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Problem 30

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Because it displays the _____________, the periodic table can be used to determine the number of protons and electrons in an uncharged atom of any element.

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Problem 31

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Each noble gas particle consists of a(n) _____________.

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Problem 32

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
10^{-10} & \text { gas } \\
10^{-15} & \text { liquid } \\
1 / 100,000 & \text { loses } \\
24 & \text { molecule } \\
114 & \text { motion } \\
0.1 \% & \text { neutrons } \\
70 \% & \text { particles } \\
99.9 \% & \text { protons } \\
\text { atomic numbers } & \text { rapid, ever-changing, and unrestricted } \\
\text { attract } & \text { repel } \\
\text { chemical } & \text { simplified but useful } \\
\text { cloud } & \text { simpler } \\
\text { empty space } & \text { single atom } \\
\text { escape } & \text { solid } \\
\text { expand } & \text { straight-line path } \\
\text { expands } & \text { sun } \\
\text { extended or shaped } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { flow } & \text { ten times } \\
\text { gains } & \text { vertical column }
\end{array}
$$

Hydrogen gas is very similar to helium gas, except that each of the particles is a hydrogen _____________.

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02:39

Problem 33

For each of the questions in this section, illustrate your written answers with simple drawings of the particles that form the structures of the substances mentioned. You do not need to be specific about the nature of the particles. Think of them as simple spheres, and draw them as circles.
If you heat white sugar very carefully, it will melt.
a. Before you begin to heat the sugar, the sugar granules maintain a constant shape and volume. Why?
b. As you begin to heat the solid sugar, what changes are taking place in its structure?
c. What happens to the sugar's structure when sugar melts?

Crystal Wang
Crystal Wang
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 34

For each of the questions in this section, illustrate your written answers with simple drawings of the particles that form the structures of the substances mentioned. You do not need to be specific about the nature of the particles. Think of them as simple spheres, and draw them as circles.
If the pistons and cylinders in your car engine get too hot, the pistons can get stuck in the cylinders, causing major damage to the engine. Why does this happen?
Figure can't copy

Pronoy Sinha
Pronoy Sinha
Numerade Educator
01:26

Problem 35

For each of the questions in this section, illustrate your written answers with simple drawings of the particles that form the structures of the substances mentioned. You do not need to be specific about the nature of the particles. Think of them as simple spheres, and draw them as circles.
Ethylene glycol, an automobile coolant and antifreeze, is commonly mixed with water and added to car radiators. Because it freezes at a lower temperature than water and boils at a higher temperature than water, it helps to keep the liquid in your radiator from freezing or boiling.
a. At a constant temperature, liquid ethylene glycol maintains a constant volume but takes on the shape of its container. Why?
b. The ethylene glycol-water mixture in your car's radiator heats up as you drive. What is happening to the particles in the liquid?
c. If you spill some engine coolant on your driveway, it evaporates without leaving any residue. Describe the process of evaporation of liquid ethylene glycol, and explain what happens to the ethylene glycol particles that you spilled.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:36

Problem 36

For each of the questions in this section, illustrate your written answers with simple drawings of the particles that form the structures of the substances mentioned. You do not need to be specific about the nature of the particles. Think of them as simple spheres, and draw them as circles.
When a small container of liquid ammonia is opened in a classroom, in a short time everyone in the room can smell it.
a. Describe the changes that take place when liquid ammonia vaporizes to form a gas.
b. Why does the gaseous ammonia expand to fill the whole room?
c. Why does the gaseous ammonia occupy a much greater volume than the liquid ammonia?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
07:39

Problem 37

For each of the questions in this section, illustrate your written answers with simple drawings of the particles that form the structures of the substances mentioned. You do not need to be specific about the nature of the particles. Think of them as simple spheres, and draw them as circles.
As the summer sun heats up the air at the beach, what is changing for the air particles?

Pahk Thepchatri
Pahk Thepchatri
Numerade Educator
01:29

Problem 38

For each of the questions in this section, illustrate your written answers with simple drawings of the particles that form the structures of the substances mentioned. You do not need to be specific about the nature of the particles. Think of them as simple spheres, and draw them as circles.
A drop of food coloring is added to water. With time, it spreads evenly through the water so that the mixture is all the same color.
a. Describe what is happening to the food coloring and water particles as the coloring spreads into the water.
b. When a drop of food coloring is added to two bowls of water, one at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the other at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, the coloring spreads more quickly in the bowl at the higher temperature. Why?
Figure can't copy

Simran Hiranandani
Simran Hiranandani
Numerade Educator
00:26

Problem 39

For each of the questions in this section, illustrate your written answers with simple drawings of the particles that form the structures of the substances mentioned. You do not need to be specific about the nature of the particles. Think of them as simple spheres, and draw them as circles.
A gaseous mixture of air and gasoline enters the cylinders of a car engine and is compressed into a smaller volume before being ignited. Explain why gases can be compressed.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 40

Write the chemical symbols that represent the following elements.
a. chlorine
c. phosphorus
b. zinc
d. uranium

Pronoy Sinha
Pronoy Sinha
Numerade Educator
02:42

Problem 41

Write the chemical symbols that represent the following elements.
a. hydrogen
c. mercury
b. calcium
d. xenon

Dr. Satish Ingale
Dr. Satish Ingale
Numerade Educator
00:34

Problem 42

Write the chemical symbols that represent the following elements.
a. iodine
c. boron
b. platinum
d. gold

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 43

Write the element names that correspond to the following symbols.
a. C
b. Cu
c. Ne
d. K

Rithvik Manne
Rithvik Manne
Numerade Educator
01:13

Problem 44

Write the element names that correspond to the following symbols.
a. O
b. Br
c. N
d. Si

Rithvik Manne
Rithvik Manne
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 45

Write the element names that correspond to the following symbols.
a. Ba
b. F
c. Sr
d. Cr

Glyniss A
Glyniss A
Numerade Educator
01:48

Problem 46

Complete the following table.
$$
\begin{array}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \begin{array}{c}
\text { Element } \\
\text { name }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Element } \\
\text { symbol }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Group } \\
\text { number on } \\
\text { periodic } \\
\text { table }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Metal, } \\
\text { nonmetal, or } \\
\text { metalloid? }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Representative } \\
\text { element, } \\
\text { transition metal, } \\
\text { or inner transition metal? }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Number } \\
\text { for period }
\end{array} \\
\hline & \mathrm{Na} & & & & \\
\hline \text { tin } & & & & & \\
\hline & \mathrm{He} & & & & \\
\hline \text { nickel } & & & & & \\
\hline & \mathrm{Ag} & & & & \\
\hline \text { aluminum } & & & & & 3 \\
\hline & \mathrm{Si} & & & & 6 \\
\hline & & 16 & & & \\
\hline & & \mathrm{2B} & & & \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
00:48

Problem 47

Complete the following table.
$$
\begin{array}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \begin{array}{c}
\text { Element } \\
\text { name }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Group } \\
\text { Element } \\
\text { symbol }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { number on } \\
\text { periodic } \\
\text { table }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Metal, } \\
\text { nonmetal, or } \\
\text { metalloid? }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Representative } \\
\text { element, } \\
\text { transition metal, } \\
\text { or inner transition metal? }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Number } \\
\text { for period }
\end{array} \\
\hline & \mathrm{Mg} & & & & \\
\hline \text { lead } & & & & & \\
\hline \text { argon } & & & & & \\
\hline & \mathrm{Cd} & & & & \\
\hline \text { chromium } & & & & & \\
\hline & \text { Fe } & & & & 4 \\
\hline & & \text { 7B } & & & 2 \\
\hline & & \text { 1A } & & & 5 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:30

Problem 48

Write the name of the group or family to which each of the following belongs.
a. bromine
c. potassium
b. neon
d. beryllium

Joshua Hale
Joshua Hale
Numerade Educator
02:30

Problem 49

Write the name of the group or family to which each of the following belongs.
a. strontium
c. iodine
b. lithium
d. xenon

Joshua Hale
Joshua Hale
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 50

Identify each of the following elements as a solid, a liquid, or a gas at room temperature and pressure.
a. krypton, Kr
d. F
b. Br
e. germanium, Ge
c. antimony, Sb
f. S

Alkendra Singh
Alkendra Singh
Numerade Educator
00:47

Problem 51

Identify each of the following elements as a solid, a liquid, or a gas at room temperature and pressure.
a. chlorine
d. W
b. Se
e. xenon
c. mercury
f. As

Aadit Sharma
Aadit Sharma
Numerade Educator
01:46

Problem 52

Which two of the following elements would you expect to be most similar: lithium, aluminum, iodine, oxygen, and potassium?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:19

Problem 53

Which two of the following elements would you expect to be most similar: nitrogen, chlorine, barium, fluorine, and sulfur?

Lyniesha Wright
Lyniesha Wright
Numerade Educator
01:03

Problem 54

Write the name and symbol for the elements that fit the following descriptions.
a. the halogen in the third period
b. the alkali metal in the fourth period
c. the metalloid in the third period

RS
Rajpal Sian
Numerade Educator
02:25

Problem 55

Write the name and symbol for the elements that fit the following descriptions.
a. the noble gas in the fifth period
b. the alkaline earth metal in the sixth period
c. the representative element in group 3 A and the third period

Thomas Harr
Thomas Harr
Numerade Educator
02:05

Problem 56

Which element would you expect to be malleable, manganese or phosphorus? Why?

Aadit Sharma
Aadit Sharma
Numerade Educator
02:12

Problem 57

Which element would you expect to conduct electric currents well, aluminum or iodine? Why?

Natalie Dzikowski
Natalie Dzikowski
Numerade Educator
02:45

Problem 58

Describe the nuclear model of the atom, including the general location of the protons, neutrons, and electrons; the relative size of the nucleus compared to the size of the atom; and the modern description of the electron.

Pronoy Sinha
Pronoy Sinha
Numerade Educator
01:38

Problem 59

Describe the carbon atom, and make a rough sketch.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
01:05

Problem 60

Identify each of the following as a cation or an anion, and determine the charge on each.
a. A lithium ion with 3 protons and 2 electrons
b. A sulfur ion with 16 protons and 18 electrons

Nicole Smina
Nicole Smina
Numerade Educator
01:30

Problem 61

Identify each of the following as a cation or an anion, and determine the charge on each.
a. An iodine ion with 53 protons and 54 electrons
b. An iron ion with 26 protons and 23 electrons

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:00

Problem 62

Write definitions of the terms atomic number and mass number. Which of these can vary without changing the element? Why? Which of these cannot vary without changing the element? Why?

Christopher Nilsen
Christopher Nilsen
Numerade Educator
00:54

Problem 63

Write the atomic number for each of the following elements.
a. oxygen
d. Li
b. Mg
e. lead
c. uranium
f. Mn

Rithvik Manne
Rithvik Manne
Numerade Educator
01:13

Problem 64

Write the atomic number for each of the following elements.
a. sodium
d. Pu
b. As
e. iron
c. strontium
f. Se

Rithvik Manne
Rithvik Manne
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 65

Explain how two atoms of oxygen can be different.

Amit Srivastava
Amit Srivastava
Numerade Educator
00:29

Problem 66

Write the name and symbol for the elements that fit the following descriptions.
a. 27 protons in the nucleus of each atom.
b. 50 electrons in each uncharged atom.
c. 18 electrons in each +2 cation.
d. 10 electrons in each -1 anion.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
00:29

Problem 67

Write the name and symbol for the elements that fit the following descriptions.
a. 78 protons in the nucleus of each atom.
b. 42 electrons in each uncharged atom.
c. 80 electrons in each +3 cation.
d. 18 electrons in each -2 anion.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 68

Describe the hydrogen molecule, including a rough sketch of the electron-charge cloud created by its electrons.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
00:50

Problem 69

Write definitions for the terms atom and molecule and use them to explain the difference between hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules.

Sri Datta Vikas Buchemmavari
Sri Datta Vikas Buchemmavari
Numerade Educator
03:58

Problem 70

Describe the structure of each of the following substances, including a description of the nature of the particles that form each structure.
a. neon gas
c. nitrogen gas
b. bromine liquid

Pronoy Sinha
Pronoy Sinha
Numerade Educator
02:06

Problem 71

Describe the structure of each of the following substances, including a description of the nature of the particles that form each structure.
a. chlorine gas
c. argon gas
b. iodine solid

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:41

Problem 72

Describe the sea-of-electrons model for metallic solids.

Anatole Borisov
Anatole Borisov
Numerade Educator
04:21

Problem 73

When you heat solid iodine, it goes directly from solid to gas. Describe the process by which iodine particles escape from the solid to the gas form. What characteristics must iodine particles have to be able to escape? Draw a picture to illustrate your answer.

Caroline Basil
Caroline Basil
Numerade Educator