Chapter Questions
Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most likely be indicated by ___________.a. anuriab. polyuriaC. oliguriad. none of the above
The color of urine is determined mainly by ___________.a. dietb. filtration ratec. byproducts of red blood cell breakdownd. filtration efficiency
Production of less than $50 \mathrm{~mL} /$ day of urine is called ___________.a. normalb. polyuriaC. oliguriad. anuria
Peristaltic contractions occur in the ___________.a. urethrab. bladderC. uretersd. urethra, bladder, and ureters
Somatic motor neurons must be ___________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination.a. stimulatedb. inhibited
Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal?a. kidneysb. uretersC. bladderd. nephrons
The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ___________.a. renal medullab. minor calycesC. medullary corticesd. renal columns
The primary structure found within the medulla is the ___________.a. loop of Henleb. minor calycesC. portal systemd. ureter
The right kidney is slightly lower because ___________.a. it is displaced by the liverb. it is displace by the heartC. it is slightly smallerd. it needs protection of the lower ribs
Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the ___________.a. glomerulusb. Bowman's capsuleC. calycesd. renal papillae
What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole?a. arcuate and medullaryb. interlobar and interlobularc. peritubular and vasa rectad. peritubular and medullary
The functional unit of the kidney is called ___________.a. the renal hilusb. the renal corpuscleC. the nephrond. Bowman's capsule
___________ of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration.a. Osmoticb. Hydrostatic
Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ___________.a. filtrationb. absorptionC. secretiond. filtration, absorption, and secretion
Systemic blood pressure must stay above 60 so that the proper amount of filtration occurs.a. trueb. false
Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct.a. trueb. false
Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron.a. proximal convoluted tubuleb. descending loop of Henlec. ascending loop of Henled. distal convoluted tubulee. collecting ducts
The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ___________.a. the proximal convoluted tubuleb. the collecting ductsc. the ascending loop of Henled. the distal convoluted tubule
Vasodilation of blood vessels to the kidneys is due to ___________.a. more frequent action potentialsb. less frequent action potentials
20. When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ___________ to mount a steady rate of filtration.a. contractb. relax
Which of these three paracrine chemicals cause vasodilation?a. ATPb. adenosineC. nitric oxide
What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?a. reninb. nitric oxideC. dopamined. aldosterone
Which of these is a vasoconstrictor?a. nitric oxideb. natriuretic hormonec. bradykinind. angiotensin II
What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?a. increased blood pressureb. decreased blood pressureC. increased $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ levelsd. decreased $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ levels
Which of these beverages does not have a diuretic effect?a. teab. coffeec. alcohold. milk
Progesterone can bind to receptors for which hormone that, when released, activates water retention?a. aldosteroneb. $\mathrm{ADH}$C. PTHd. ANH
Renin is released in response to ___________.a. increased blood pressureb. decreased blood pressureC. $\mathrm{ACE}$d. diuretics
Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform?a. converts cholecalciferol into calcidiolb. converts calcidiol into calcitriolC. Stores vitamin $\mathrm{D}$d. none of these
Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production?a. thrombopoeitinb. vitamin $\mathrm{D}$c. $\mathrm{EPO}$d. renin
If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ___________.a. you would develop systemic edemab. you would retain excess $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$c. you would lose vitamins and electrolytesd. you would suffer severe dehydration
What is suggested by the presence of white blood cells found in the urine?
Both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus produce large urine volumes, but how would other characteristics of the urine differ between the two diseases?
Why are females more likely to contract bladder infections than males?
Describe how forceful urination is accomplished.
What anatomical structures provide protection to the kidney?
How does the renal portal system differ from the hypothalamo-hypophyseal and digestive portal systems?
Name the structures found in the renal hilum.
Which structures make up the renal corpuscle?
What are the major structures comprising the filtration membrane?
Give the formula for net filtration pressure.
Name at least five symptoms of kidney failure.
Which vessels and what part of the nephron are involved in countercurrent multiplication?
Give the approximate osmolarity of fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule, deepest part of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting ducts.
Explain what happens to $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ concentration in the nephron when GFR increases.
If you want the kidney to excrete more $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ in the urine, what do you want the blood flow to do?
What organs produce which hormones or enzymes in the renin-angiotensin system?
PTH affects absorption and reabsorption of what?
Why is ADH also called vasopressin?
How can glucose be a diuretic?
How does lack of protein in the blood cause edema?
Which three electrolytes are most closely regulated by the kidney?