Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology

Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece

Chapter 21

Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Which is likely to be a more common cancer in an adult: cancer of the epithelial tissue lining the inside of the throat or cancer of the smooth muscle of the intestines? Why?

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Problem 2

How might an animal's body shape indicate whether it has a circulatory system?

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Problem 3

Which of the following best illustrates homeostasis?
a Most adult human beings are between 5 and 6 feet tall.
b. The lungs and intestines have large surface areas for exchange.
c. When the concentration of water in the blood goes up, the kidneys expel more water.
d. When oxygen in the blood decreases, you may feel light-headed.

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Problem 4

The _____ respiratory, and _______ systems are the three organ systems that directly exchange materials with the external environment.

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Problem 5

State whether each statement below is an example of positive or negative feedback and why.
a. Stimulation of a nerve cell causes sodium ions to leak into the cell, and the sodium influx triggers inward leaking of more sodium.
b. An increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose concentrations.

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Problem 6

While visiting a farm on a hot summer day, you see pigs rolling in mud. Based on what you know about thermoregulation, why are the pigs rolling in mud?

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Problem 7

What is normally found in urine? What are three conditions that can be tested for with a urinalysis?

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Problem 8

Drinking alcohol makes you urinate more frequently because
a. alcohol inhibits the release of ADH, a hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
b. alcohol inhibits the release of $\mathrm{ADH}$, a hormone that decreases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
c. alcohol causes more water to filter from the blood into the kidneys.

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Problem 9

What happens to most of the water that passes from the blood into the kidneys by filtration? What happens to the rest of it?

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Problem 10

Explain the similarities between how your body temperature is maintained and how a thermostat regulates temperature in a home.

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Problem 11

When a pet mouse shivers in a cold room, is this a behavioral, physiological, or anatomical adaptation in response to cold? How about when the mouse huddles with other mice?

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Problem 12

For each statement below, identify which major theme is evident (the relationship of structure to function, information flow, pathways that transform energy and matter, interactions within biological systems, or evolution) and explain how the statement relates to the theme. If necessary, review the themes (Chapter 1 ) and review the examples highlighted in blue in this chapter.
Your kidneys contain highly branched tubes that allow for a large volume of fluid to be in contact with cells, aiding filtration.

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Problem 13

Your body is able to build new muscle when nutrients absorbed by the digestive system are transported by the circulatory system to tissues of the muscular system.

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Problem 14

If you step on a sharp object, pain receptors in your foot communicate signals to your brain via neurons; in response, your brain sends a signal to move your foot through other neurons.

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Problem 15

THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Interpreting Data Using the data in the graph at right, write a conclusion about
the thermoregulation of river otters and largemouth bass.
(FIGURE CANNOT COPY)

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Problem 16

Eastern tent caterpillars Iive in sizable groups in silk nests, or tents, typically in cherry and apple trees. They emerge early in the spring, when daily temperatures fluctuate from freezing to hot In the morning, these black caterpillars rest in a tightly packed group on the east-facing surface of the tent. In the afternoon, each caterpillar is hanging by its legs on the undersurface of the tent. Propose a hypothesis to explain this behavior. How could you test it?

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Problem 17

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
The state of Georgia now has some rules in place to protect high school athletes from heat illness. What similar policies, if any, exist in your state? Heat illness is much more common in football players than in other athletes; what do you think contributes to this? Make a pamphlet that you could give to high school football players educating them about the dangers of heat illness and ways to prevent it.

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Problem 18

In $2007,$ a woman competed in a radio station's on-air water-drinking contest. The goal was to drink more water than anyone else without urinating; she drank 6 liters of water in 3 hours. Afterward, she vomited and began to suffer a terrible headache. She left the radio station ill and died a few hours later. During the contest, a person called the radio station to warn that the competition could be deadly. Pretend you are a journalist doing a story about the woman's death and are interviewing different experts, asking questions like the following: Did water kill the woman? Is the radio station at fault for what she did willingly? Write your questions and responses as a mock script or make a podcast.

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