Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics

Paul Tipler, Gene Mosca

Chapter 13

Universal Gravitation - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Determine the order of magnitude of the gravitational force that you exert on another person 2 $\mathrm{m}$ away. In your solution state the quantities you measure or estimate and their values.

Yaqub Khan

Yaqub Khan

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Problem 2

Two ocean liners, each with a mass of 40000 metric tons, are moving on parallel courses, 100 $\mathrm{m}$ apart. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of one of the liners toward

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

A 200 -kg object and a $500-\mathrm{kg}$ object are separated by 0.400 $\mathrm{m}$ . (a) Find the net gravitational force exerted by these objects on a 50.0 -kg object placed midway between them. (b) At what position (other than an infinitely remote one) can the $50.0-\mathrm{kg}$ object be placed so as to experience a net force of zero?

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Two objects attract each other with a gravitational force of magnitude $1.00 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{N}$ when separated by $20.0 \mathrm{cm} .$ If the total mass of the two objects is 5.00 $\mathrm{kg}$ , what is the mass of each?

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Three uniform spheres of mass $2.00 \mathrm{kg}, 4.00 \mathrm{kg},$ and 6.00 $\mathrm{kg}$ are placed at the corners of a right triangle as in Figure $\mathrm{P} 13.5 .$ Calculate the resultant gravitational force on the $4.00-\mathrm{kg}$ object, assuming the spheres are isolated from the rest of the Universe.

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

During a solar eclipse, the Moon, Earth, and Sun all lie on the same line, with the Moon between the Earth and the on Sun. (a) What force is exerted by the Sun on the Moon (b) What force is exerted by the Earth on the Moon? (c) What force is exerted by the Sun on the Earth?

Khoobchandra Agrawal

Khoobchandra Agrawal

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

In introductory physics laboratories, a typical Cavendish balance for measuring the gravitational constant G uses lead spheres with masses of 1.50 kg and 15.0 g whose centers are separated by about 4.50 cm. Calculate the gravitational force between these spheres, treating each as a particle located at the center of the sphere.

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

A student proposes to measure the gravitational constant G by suspending two spherical objects from the ceiling of a tall cathedral and measuring the deflection of the cables from the vertical. Draw a free-body diagram of one of the objects. If two $100.0-\mathrm{kg}$ objects are suspended at the lower ends of cables 45.00 $\mathrm{m}$ long and the cables are attached to the ceiling 1.000 $\mathrm{m}$ apart, what is the separation of the objects?

Emily Anderson

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

When a falling meteoroid is at a distance above the Earth’s surface of 3.00 times the Earth’s radius, what is its acceleration due to the Earth’s gravitation?

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

The free-fall acceleration on the surface of the Moon i about one sixth of that on the surface of the Earth. If the radius of the Moon is about 0.250$R_{E}$ , find the ratio of thei average densities, $\rho$ Moon $/ \rho_{\text { Farth }}$ .

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

On the way to the Moon the $A$ pollo astronauts reached a point where the Moon's gravitational pull became stronger than the Earth's. (a) Determine the distance of this point from the center of the Earth. (b) What is the acceleration due to the Earth's gravitation at this point?

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

The center-to-center distance between Earth and Moon is 384400 $\mathrm{km}$ . The Moon completes an orbit in 27.3 days. (a) Determine the Moon's orbital speed. (b) If gravity were switched off, the Moon would move along a straight line tangent to its orbit, as described by Newton's first law. In its actual orbit in 1.00 s, how far does the Moon fall below the tangent line and toward the Earth?

Laszlo Zalavari

Laszlo Zalavari

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Plaskett's binary system consists of two stars that revolve in a circular orbit about a center of mass midway between them. This means that the masses of the two stars are equal (Fig. Pl3.13). Assume the orbital speed of each star is 220 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}$ and the orbital period of each is 14.4 days. Find the mass $M$ of each star. (For comparison, the mass of our Sun is $1.99 \times 10^{30} \mathrm{kg}$ .)

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

A particle of mass $m$ moves along a straight line with constant speed in the $x$ direction, a distance $b$ from the $x$ axis (Fig. Pl3.14). Show that Kepler's second law is satisfied by showing that the two shaded triangles in the figure have the same area when $t_{4}-t_{3}=t_{2}-t_{1}$

Emily Anderson

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Problem 15

Io, a moon of Jupiter, has an orbital period of 1.77 days and an orbital radius of $4.22 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{km}$ . From these data, determine the mass of Jupiter.

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

The Explorer VIII satellite, placed into orbit November 3, 1960 , to investigate the ionosphere, had the following or- bit parameters: perigee, 459 $\mathrm{km}$ ; apogee, 2289 $\mathrm{km}$ (both distances above the Farth's surface); period, 112.7 $\mathrm{min}$ . Find the ratio $v_{p} / v_{a}$ of the speed at perigee to that at apogee.

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Comet Halley (Figure Pl3.17) approaches the Sun to within $0.570 \mathrm{AU},$ and its orbital period is 75.6 years. (AU is the symbol for astronomical unit, where $1 \mathrm{AU}=1.50 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{m}$ is the mean Earth-Sun distance. How far from the Sun will Halley's comet travel before it starts its return journey?

Ryan Mcclanahan

Ryan Mcclanahan

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Two planets $X$ and $Y$ travel counterclockwise in circular orbits about a star as in Figure Pl3. 18 . The radii of their orbits are in the ratio $3 : 1 .$ At some time, they are aligned as in Figure $P 13.18 a$ , making a straight line with the star. During the next five years, the angular displacement of planet
$\mathrm{X}$ is $90.0^{\circ},$ as in Figure $\mathrm{P} 13.18 \mathrm{b}$ . Where is planet $\mathrm{Y}$ at this time?

Ryan Mcclanahan

Ryan Mcclanahan

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

A synchronous satellite, which always remains above the same point on a planet's equator, is put in orbit around Jupiter to study the famous red spot. Jupiter rotates about its axis once every 9.84 h. Use the data of Table 13.2 to find the altitude of the satellite.

Ryan Mcclanahan

Ryan Mcclanahan

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

Neutron stars are extremely dense objects that are formed from the remnants of supernoua explosions. Many rotate very rapidly. Suppose that the mass of a certain spherical neutron star is twice the mass of the Sun and its radius is 10.0 $\mathrm{km}$ . Determine the greatest possible angular speed it can have so that the matter at the surface of the star on its equator is just held in orbit by the gravitational force.

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Suppose the Sun's gravity were switched off. The planets would leave their nearly circular orbits and fly away in straight lines, as described by Newton's first law. Would Mercury ever be farther from the Sun than Pluto? If so, find how long it would take for Mercury to achieve this passage. If not, give a convincing argument that Pluto is always farther from the Sun.

Ryan Mcclanahan

Ryan Mcclanahan

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

As thermonuclear fusion proceeds in its core, the Sun loses mass at a rate of $3.64 \times 10^{9} \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{s}$ . During the 5000 -yr period of recorded history, by how much has the length of the year changed due to the loss of mass from the Sun? Suggestions: Assume the Earth's orbit is circular. No external torque acts on the Earth-Sun system, so its angular momentum is conserved. If $x$ is small compared to 1 , then $(1+x)^{n}$ is nearly equal to $1+n x$ .

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Three objects of equal mass are located at three corners of a square of edge length $\ell$ as in Figure $\mathrm{P} 13.23$ . Find the gravitational field at the fourth corner due to these objects.

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

A spacecraft in the shape of a long cylinder has a length of 100 m, and its mass with occupants is 1 000 kg. It has strayed too close to a black hole having a mass 100 times that of the Sun (Fig. P13.24). The nose of the spacecraft points toward the black hole, and the distance between the nose and the center of the black hole is 10.0 km. (a) Determine the total force on the spacecraft. (b) What is the
difference in the gravitational fields acting on the occupants in the nose of the ship and on those in the rear of the ship, farthest from the black hole? This difference in accelerations grows rapidly as the ship approaches the black hole. It puts the body of the ship under extreme tension and eventually tears it apart.

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

Compute the magnitude and direction of the gravitational field at a point $P$ on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining two objects of equal mass separated by a distance 2$a$ as shown in Figure $\operatorname{PI} 3.25$ .

Emily Anderson

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

A satellite of the Farth has a mass of 100 $\mathrm{kg}$ and is at an altitude of $2.00 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{m} .$ (a) What is the potential energy of the satellite - Earth system? (b) What is the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the satellite? (c) What If? What force does the satellite exert on the Earth?

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

How much energy is required to move a 1000 -kg object from the Earth's surface to an altitude twice the Earth's radius?

DA

David Aplin

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

How much energy is required to move a 1000 -kg object from the Earth's surface to an altitude twice the Earth's radius?

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

After our Sun exhausts its nuclear fuel, its ultimate fate may be to collapse to a white duarf state, in which it has approxi- mately the same mass as it has now, but a radius equal to thradius of the Farth. Calculate (a) the average density of the

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

How much work is done by the Moon's gravitational field as a $1000-\mathrm{kg}$ meteor comes in from outer space and impacts on the Moon's surface?

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

A system consists of three particles, each of mass 5.00 $\mathrm{g}$ , located at the corners of an equilateral triangle with sides of 30.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ . (a) Calculate the potential energy of the system. (b) If the particles are released simultaneously, where will they collide?

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

An object is released from rest at an altitude $h$ above the surface of the Earth. (a) Show that its speed at a distance $r$ from the Earth's center, where $R_{E} \leq r \leq R_{E}+h,$ is given by
$$
v=\sqrt{2 G M_{E}\left(\frac{1}{r}-\frac{1}{R_{E}+h}\right)}
$$
(b) Assume the release altitude is $500 \mathrm{km} .$ Perform the integral
$$
\Delta t=\int_{i}^{f} d t=-\int_{i}^{f} \frac{d r}{v}
$$
to find the time of fall as the object moves from the release point to the Earth's surface. The negative sign appears because the object is moving opposite to the radial direction, so its speed is $v=-d r / d t .$ Perform the integral numerically.

Nathan Nowack

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

A space probe is fired as a projectile from the Earth's surface with an initial speed of $2.00 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . What will its speed be when it is very far from the Earth? Ignore friction and the rotation of the Earth.

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

(a) What is the minimum speed, relative to the Sun, necessary for a spacecraft to escape the solar system if it starts at the Earth's orbit? (b) Voyager I achicved a maximum speed of 125000 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ on its way to photograph Jupiter. Beyond what distance from the Sun is this speed sufficient to escape the solar system?

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

A "treetop satellite" (Fig. Pl3.35) moves in a circular orbit just above the surface of a planet, assumed to offer no air resistance. Show that its orbital speed $v$ and the escape speed from the planet are related by the expression
$$
v_{\operatorname{exc}}=\sqrt{2} v
$$

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

A $500-\mathrm{kg}$ satellite is in a circular orbit at an altitude of 500 $\mathrm{km}$ above the Earth's surface. Because of air friction, the satellite eventually falls to the Earth's surface, where it hits
the ground with a speed of 2.00 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}$ . How much energy was transformed into internal energy by means of friction?

Nathan Nowack

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

A satellite of mass 200 $\mathrm{kg}$ is placed in Earth orbit at a height of 200 $\mathrm{km}$ above the surface. (a) With a circular orbit, how long does the satellite take to complete one orbit? (b) What is the satellite's speed? (c) What is the minimum energy input necessary to place this satellite in
orbit? Ignore air resistance but include the effect of the planet's daily rotation.

Ryan Mcclanahan

Ryan Mcclanahan

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

A satellite of mass $m,$ originally on the surface of the Earth, is placed into Earth orbit at an altitude $h$ . (a) With a circular orbit, how long does the satellite take to complete one orbit? (b) What is the satellite's speed? (c) What is the minimum energy input necessary to place this satellite in orbit? Ignore air resistance but include the effect of the planet's daily rotation. At what location on the Earth's sur-
face and in what direction should the satellite be launched to minimize the required energy investment? Represent the mass and radius of the Earth as $M_{E}$ and $R_{E}$ .

Emily Anderson

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

A $1000-\mathrm{kg}$ satellite orbits the Earth at a constant altitude of $100 \mathrm{km} .$ How much energy must be added to the system to move the satellite into a circular orbit with altitude 200 $\mathrm{km}$ ?

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

The planet Uranus has a mass about 14 times the Earth's mass, and its radius is equal to about 3.7 Earth radii. ( a) By setting up ratios with the corresponding Earth values, find the free-fall acceleration at the cloud tops of Uranus. (b) Ignoring the rotation of the planet, find the minimum escape speed from Uranus.

Maria Gabriela Cota Moreira

Maria Gabriela Cota Moreira

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Determine the escape speed for a rocket on the far side of Ganymede, the largest of Jupiter's moons (Figure Pl3.41). The radius of Ganymede is $2.64 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{m},$ and its mass is $1.495 \times 10^{23} \mathrm{kg} .$ The mass of Jupiter is $1.90 \times 10^{27} \mathrm{kg}$ and the distance between Jupiter and Ganymede is $1.071 \times 10^{9} \mathrm{m}$ . Be sure to include the gravitational effect due to Jupiter, but you may ignore the motion of Jupiter and Ganymede as they revolve about their center of mass.

Ryan Mcclanahan

Ryan Mcclanahan

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

In Robert Heinlein’s “The Moon is a Harsh Mistress,” the colonial inhabitants of the Moon threaten to launch rocks down onto the Earth if they are not given independence (or at least representation). Assuming that a rail gun could launch a rock of mass m at twice the lunar escape speed, calculate the speed of the rock as it enters the Earth’s atmosphere. (By lunar escape speed we mean the speed required to move infinitely far away from a stationary Moon alone in the Universe. Problem 61 in Chapter 30 describes a rail gun.)

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

An object is fired vertically upward from the surface of the Earth (of radius $R_{E} )$ with an initial speed $v_{i}$ that is comparable to but less than the escape speed $v_{\text { esc. }}$ (a) Show thatthe object attains a maximum height $h$ given by
$$
h=\frac{R_{E} v_{i}^{2}}{v_{e s c}^{2}-v_{i}^{2}}
$$
(b) A space vehicle is launched vertically upward from the Earth's surface with an initial speed of 8.76 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}$ , which is less than the escape speed of 11.2 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}$ . What maximum height does it attain? (c) A meteorite falls toward the Earth. It is essentially at rest with respect to the Earth when it is at a height of $2.51 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{m}$ . With what speed does the meteorite strike the Earth? (d) What If? Assume that a baseball is tossed up with an initial speed that is very small compared to the escape speed. Show that the equa tion from part (a) is consistent with Equation 4.13 .

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Derive an expression for the work required to move an Earth satellite of mass $m$ from a circular orbit of radius 2$R_{E}$ to one of radius 3$R_{E}$

Nathan Nowack

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

A comet of mass $1.20 \times 10^{10} \mathrm{kg}$ moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. Its distance from the Sun ranges between 0.500 $\mathrm{AU}$ and 50.0 $\mathrm{AU}$ . (a) What is the eccentricity of its orbit? (b) What is its period? (c) At aphelion what is the potential energy of the comet-Sun system? Note: $1 \mathrm{AU}=$ one astronomical unit $=$ the average distance from Sun to Earth $=1.496 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{m} .$

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

A satellite moves around the Earth in a circular orbit of radius r. (a) What is the speed v0 of the satellite? Suddenly, an explosion breaks the satellite into two pieces, with masses m and 4m. Immediately after the explosion the smaller piece of mass m is stationary with respect to the Earth and falls directly toward the Earth. (b) What is the speed vi of the larger piece immediately after the explosion? (c) Because of the increase in its speed, this larger piece now moves in a new elliptical orbit. Find its distance away from the center of the Earth when it reaches the other end of the ellipse.

Khoobchandra Agrawal

Khoobchandra Agrawal

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft has a special orbit, chosen so that its view of the Sun is nevecclipsed and it is always close enough to the Earth to transmit data easily. It moves in a near-circle around the Sun that is smaller than the Earth's circular orbit. Its period, however, is just equal to 1 yr. It is always located between the Earth and the Sun along the line joining them. Both objects exert gravitational forces on the observatory. Show that its distance from the Earth must be between $1.47 \times 10^{9} \mathrm{m}$ and $1.48 \times 10^{9} \mathrm{m} .$ In 1772 Joseph Louis Lagrange determined theoretically the special location allowing this orbit. The SOHO spacecraft took this position on February $14,1996$ . Suggestion: Use data that are precise to four digits. The mass of the Earth is $5.983 \times 10^{24} \mathrm{kg}$ .

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

Let $\Delta g_{M}$ represent the difference in the gravitational fields produced by the Moon at the points on the Earth's surface nearest to and farthest from the Moon. Find the fraction $\Delta g_{M} / g,$ where $g$ is the Earth's gravitational field. (This difference is responsible for the occurrence of the lunar tides
on the Earth.)

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

Review problem. Two identical hard spheres, each of mass $m$ and radius $r$ , are released from rest in otherwise empty space with their centers separated by the distance $R$ . They are allowed to collide under the influence of their gravitational attraction. (a) Show that the magnitude of the impulse received by each sphere before they make contact is given by $\left[G m^{3}(1 / 2 r-1 / R)\right]^{1 / 2}$ . (b) What If? Find the magnitude of the impulse each receives if they collide elastically.

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

Two spheres having masses $M$ and 2$M$ and radii $R$ and $3 R,$ respectively, are released from rest when the distance between their centers is 12$R$ . How fast will each sphere be moving when they collide? Assume that the two spheres interact only with each other.

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

In Larry Niven's science-fiction novel Ringuorld, a rigid ring of material rotates about a star (Fig. Pl3. 51). The tangential speed of the ring is $1.25 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ , and its radius is $1.53 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{m}$ . (a) Show that the centripetal acceleration of the inhabitants is 10.2 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . (b) The inhabitants of this ring world live on the starlit inner surface of the ring. Each person experiences a normal contact force $\mathbf{n}$ . Acting alone, this normal force would produce an inward acceleration of 9.90 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . Additionally, the star at the center of the ring exerts a gravitational force on the ring and its inhabitants. The difference between the total acceleration and the acceleration provided by the normal force is due to the gravitational attraction of the central star. Show that the mass of the star is approximately $10^{32} \mathrm{kg}$ .

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

(a) Show that the rate of change of the free-fall acceleration with distance above the Earth's surface is
$$
\frac{d g}{d r}=-\frac{2 G M_{E}}{R_{R}^{3}}
$$
This rate of change over distance is called a gradient. (b) If $h$ is small in comparison to the radius of the Earth, show that the difference in free-fall acceleration between two points separated by vertical distance $h$ is
$$
|\Delta g|=\frac{2 G M_{E} h}{R_{E}^{3}}
$$
(c) Evaluate this difference for $h=6.00 \mathrm{m},$ a typical height for a two-story building.

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

A ring of matter is a familiar structure in planetary and stellar astronomy. Examples include Saturn's rings and a ring nebula. Consider a uniform ring of mass $2.36 \times 10^{20} \mathrm{kg}$ and radius $1.00 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{m}$ . An object of mass 1000 $\mathrm{kg}$ is placed at a point $A$ on the axis of the ring, $2.00 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{m}$ from the center of the ring (Figure P13.5). When the object is released, the attraction of the ring makes the object move along the axis toward the center of the ring of the object-ring system the gravitational potential energy of the object-ring system when the object is at $A$ . (b) Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the system when the object is at $B .$ (c) Calcu- late the speed of the object as it passes through $R$ .

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

Voy agers 1 and 2 surveyed the surface of Jupiter's moon Io ind photographed active volcanoes spewing liquid sulfuro heights of 70 $\mathrm{km}$ above the surface of this moon. Find the speed with which the liquid sulfur left the volcano. Io's mass is $8.9 \times 10^{22} \mathrm{kg},$ and its radius is 1 820 $\mathrm{km}$ .

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

As an astronaut, you observe a small planet to be spherical. After landing on the planet, you set off, walking always straight ahead, and find yourself returning to your space- craft from the opposite side after completing a lap of 25.0 $\mathrm{km}$ . You hold a hammer and a falcon feather at a height of $1.40 \mathrm{m},$ release them, and observe that they fall together to the surface in 29.2 $\mathrm{s}$ . Determine the mass of the planet.

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

A certain quaternary star system consists of three stars, each of mass $m,$ moving in the same circular orbit of radius $r$ about a central star of mass $M$ . The stars orbit in the same sense, and are positioned one third of a revolution apart from each other. Show that the period of each of the three stars is given by
$$
T=2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{r^{3}}{g(M+m / \sqrt{3})}}
$$

Donald Albin

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

Review problem. A cylindrical habitat in space 6.00 $\mathrm{km}$ in diameter and 30 $\mathrm{km}$ long has been proposed (by G. K. O'Neill, $1974 ) .$ Such a habitat would have cities, land, and lakes on the inside surface and air and clouds in the center. This would all be held in place by rotation of the cylinder about its long axis. How fast would the cylinder have to rotate to imitate the Earth's gravitational field at the walls of the cylinder?

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

Newton’s law of universal gravitation is valid for distances covering an enormous range, but it is thought to fail for very small distances, where the structure of space itself is uncertain. Far smaller than an atomic nucleus, this crossover distance is called the Planck length. It is determined by a combination of the constants G, c, and h, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and h is Planck’s
constant (introduced in Chapter 11) with units of angular momentum. (a) Use dimensional analysis to find a combination of these three universal constants that has units of length. (b) Determine the order of magnitude of the Planck length. You will need to consider non integer powers of the constants.

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

Show that the escape speed from the surface of a planet of uniform density is directly proportional to the radius of the planet.

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

Many people assume that air resistance acting on a moving object will always make the object slow down. It can actually be responsible for making the object speed up. Consider a 100 -kg Earth satellite in a circular orbit at an altitude of 200 $\mathrm{km}$ . A small force of air resistance makes the satellite drop into a circular orbit with an altitude of 100 $\mathrm{km}$ . (a) Calculate its initial speed. (b) Calculate its final speed in this process. (c) Calculate the initial energy of the satellite-Earth system. (d) Calculate the final energy of the system. (e) Show that the system has lost mechanical energy and find the amount of the loss due to friction. (f) What force makes the satellite's speed increase? You will find a free-body diagram useful in explaining your answer.

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

Two hypothetical planets of masses $m_{1}$ and $m_{2}$ and radii $r_{1}$ and $r_{2},$ respectively, are nearly at rest when they are an infinite distance apart. Because of their gravitational attraction, they head toward each other on a collision course. (a) When their center-tocenter separation is $d$ , find expressions for the speed of each planet and for their relativespeed. (b) Find the kinetic energy of each planet just before they collide, if $m_{1}=2.00 \times 10^{24} \mathrm{kg}, m_{2}=8.00 \times 10^{24} \mathrm{kg}$ , $r_{1}=3.00 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{m},$ and $r_{2}=5.00 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{m} .$ (Note Both energy and momentum of the system are conserved.)

Mark J

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

The maximum distance from the Earth to the Sun (at our aphelion) is $1.521 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{m},$ and the distance of closest approach (at perihelion) is $1.471 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{m} .$ If the Earth's orbital speed at perihelion is $3.027 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ , determine (a) the Earth's orbital speed at aphelion, (b) the kinetic and potential energies of the Earth-Sun system at perihelion, and (c) the kinetic and potential energies at aphelion. Is the total energy constant? (Ignore the effect of the
Moon and other planets.)

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

(a) Determine the amount of work (in joules) that must be done on a 100 -kg payload to elevate it to a height of 1000 $\mathrm{km}$ above the Earth's surface. (b) Determine the amount of additional work that is required to put the pay- load into circular orbit at this elevation.

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

X-ray pulses from Cyynus $\mathrm{X}-1,$ a celestial x-ray source, have been recorded during high-altitude rocket flights. The signals can be interpreted as originating when a blob of ionized matter orbits a black hole with a period of 5.0 $\mathrm{ms}$ . If the blob were in a circular orbit about a black hole whose mass is 20$M_{\text { Sun }}$ , what is the orbit radius?

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

Studies of the relationship of the Sun to its galaxy—the Milky Way—have revealed that the Sun is located near the outer edge of the galactic disk, about 30 000 light years from the center. The Sun has an orbital speed of approximately 250 km/s around the galactic center. (a) What is the period of the Sun’s galactic motion? (b) What is the order of magnitude of the mass of the Milky Way galaxy? Suppose that the galaxy is made mostly of stars of which the Sun is typical. What is the order of magnitude of the number of stars in the Milky Way?

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

The oldest artificial satellite in orbit is Vanguard I, launched March 3, 1958. Its mass is 1.60 kg. In its initial orbit, its minimum distance from the center of the Earth was 7.02 Mm, and its speed at this perigee point was 8.23 km/s. (a) Find the total energy of the satellite–Earth system. (b) Find the magnitude of the angular momentum of the satellite. (c) Find its speed at apogee and its maximum (apogee) distance from the center of the Earth. (d) Find the semimajoraxis of its orbit. (e) Determine its period.

Emily Anderson

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

Astronomers detect a distant meteoroid moving along a straight line that, if extended, would pass at a distance 3$R_{E}$ from the center of the Earth, where $R_{E}$ is the radius of the Earth. What minimum speed must the meteoroid have if the Earth's gravitation is not to deflect the meteoroid to make it strike the Earth?

Shahab Ullah

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

A spherical planet has uniform density $\rho$ . Show that the minimum period for a satellite in orbit around it is
$$
T_{\min }=\sqrt{\frac{3 \pi}{G \rho}}
$$
independent of the radius of the planet.

Nathan Silvano

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

Two stars of masses $M$ and $m,$ separated by a distance $d,$ revolve in circular orbits about their center of mass (Fig.
Pl3.69). Show that each star has a period given by
$$
T^{2}=\frac{4 \pi^{2} d^{3}}{G(M+m)}
$$
Proceed as follows: Apply Newton's second law to each star. Note that the center-of-mass condition requires that $M r_{2}=m r_{1},$ where $r_{1}+r_{2}=d$

Khoobchandra Agrawal

Khoobchandra Agrawal

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

(a) A $5.00-\mathrm{kg}$ object is released $1.20 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{m}$ from the center of the Earth. It moves with what acceleration relative to the Earth? (b) What If? A. $00 \times 10^{24} \mathrm{kg}$ object is released $1.20 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{m}$ from the center of the Earth. It moves with what acceleration relative to the Earth? Assume that the objects behave as pairs of particles, isolated from the rest of the Universe.

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 71

The acceleration of an object moving in the gravitational field of the Earth is
$$
\mathbf{a}=-\frac{G M_{E} \mathbf{r}}{r^{3}}
$$
where $\mathbf{r}$ is the position vector directed from the center of the Farth toward the object. Choosing the origin at the center of the Earth and assuming that the small object is moving in the $x y$ plane, we find that the rectangular (Cartesian) components of its acceleration are
$$
a_{x}=-\frac{G M_{E} x}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{3 / 2}} \quad a_{y}=-\frac{G M_{E} y}{\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{3 / 2}}
$$
Use a computer to set up and carry out a numerical prediction of the motion of the object, according to Euler's

Lainey Roebuck

Numerade Educator