Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and Protection

Stewart C. Bushong

Chapter 7

X-ray Production - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Define or otherwise identify the following:
a. Projectile electron
b. Binding energy
c. Characteristic $\mathrm{x}$-rays
d. Bremsstrahlung $\mathrm{x}$-rays
e. X-ray quantity
f. X-ray quality
g. Effective energy
h. Added filtration
i. Emission spectrum
j. Molybdenum

Ajay Singhal

Ajay Singhal

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Calculate the energy and wavelength of the characteristic $\mathrm{x}$-ray produced when a K-shell electron is replaced by an $\mathrm{M}$-shell electron in tungsten.

Kyle Godbey

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

At what fraction of the velocity of light do $90-\mathrm{keV}$ electrons travel?

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

What does the discrete $x$-ray spectrum represent?

Nicole Smina

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Draw the $\mathrm{x}$-ray emission spectrum for an $\mathrm{x}$-ray imaging system with a tungsten-targeted $\mathrm{x}$-ray tube operated at $90 \mathrm{kV}$.

Arpit Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

When an x-ray imaging system is operated at $80 \mathrm{kV}$, its emission spectrum represents an output intensity of $35 \mu \mathrm{Gy}_2 / \mathrm{mAs}$. What will be the output intensity if the voltage is increased to $90 \mathrm{kVp}$ ? How will the emission spectrum change?

Narayan Hari

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

Discuss the effect on the $\mathrm{x}$-ray emission spectrum if a single-phase $\mathrm{x}$-ray imaging system is changed to a three-phase system.

Shelby Mohamed

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Explain the effect the addition of filtration to an $\mathrm{x}$-ray tube has on the discrete and continuous $\mathrm{x}$-ray emission spectra.

Shelby Mohamed

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

How is the kinetic energy of the projectile electrons streaming across the x-ray tube increased?

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

At $80 \mathrm{kVp}$, what is the energy in joules of electrons arriving at the $\mathrm{x}$-ray tube target?

Ze-Han Lee

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Why is the $\mathrm{x}$-ray tube considered an inefficient device?

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Problem 12

Draw the diagram and write a description of the formation of characteristic radiation.

Zachary Warner

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

What is the importance of $\mathrm{K}$-characteristic $\mathrm{x}$-rays in forming a diagnostic radiograph?

Kayla Gephart

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

What is the range of energies of bremsstrahlung $\mathrm{x}$-rays?

Mayukh Banik

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

What is the minimum wavelength associated with $\mathrm{x}$-rays emitted from an $\mathrm{x}$-ray tube operated at $90 \mathrm{kVp}$ ?

Guilherme Barros

Guilherme Barros

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

List three factors that affect the shape of the $\mathrm{x}$-ray emission spectrum and briefly describe each.

Aja S

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Define and explain the $15 \% \mathrm{kVp}$ rule.

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Problem 18

What is the diagnostic range of $\mathrm{x}$-rays?

Sri Datta Vikas Buchemmavari

Sri Datta Vikas Buchemmavari

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

What type of radiation is useful for mammography and not useful for general diagnostic exposures?

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

In your clinical setting, observe or ask what filtration is used on the x-ray tubes. Why is filtration important?

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