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Thermodynamics: A complete undergraduate course

Andrew M. Steane

Chapter 6

Zeroth law, equation of state - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

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Problem 1

Prove from the zeroth law that two different isotherms cannot intersect.

Ankur S
Ankur S
Numerade Educator
01:29

Problem 2

A constant volume gas thermometer contains a gas whose equation of state is the van der Waals equation. Another contains an ideal gas. Each thermometer is calibrated at the ice and steam points (the melting and boiling point of water at standard pressure), and thereafter the pressure is used as a linear indicator of temperature. Show that with such calibration the temperature measurements provided by these two thermometers will agree at all temperatures, with no requirement to extrapolate to zero pressure.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 3

The specific volume $v$ of a given substance is the volume per unit mass. Show that for any gaseous substance which behaves to good approximation like an ideal gas, the combination $p v / T$ is constant for any given substance, but may vary from one substance to another.

David Nguyen
David Nguyen
Numerade Educator
02:08

Problem 4

Plot the isotherms of a solid described by equation (6.15) on a $p V$ diagram. Explain briefly whether you expect the slopes of these isotherms to be large or small compared to those of a gas.

Sheh Lit Chang
Sheh Lit Chang
University of Washington
10:10

Problem 5

The free electrons which are responsible for conduction in metals can be regarded as an exotic kind of gas. The behaviour depends on a parameter called the Fermi temperature, given by
$$
T_{\mathrm{F}}=\left(3 \pi^2 n\right)^{2 / 3} \frac{\hbar^2}{2 m k_{\mathrm{B}}}
$$
where $n=N / V$ is the number density of free electrons, $m$ is the electron mass, and $\hbar$ is the reduced Planck constant. When the actual temperature $T \ll T_{\mathrm{F}}$, the pressure becomes a function of density alone, given by
$$
p=\frac{2}{5} n k_{\mathrm{B}} T_{\mathrm{F}}
$$
Find the pressure of the electron gas in sodium at room temperature, given that the density of sodium is $970 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$, the atomic mass number is 23 , and there is one free electron per atom.

Eduard Sanchez
Eduard Sanchez
Numerade Educator
02:31

Problem 6

The constant $a$ in equation (6.14) has the value $a=(4 / 3) \sigma / c=2.52 \times$ $10^{-16} \mathrm{Nm}^{-2} \mathrm{~K}^{-4}$, where $\sigma$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. Find the temperature at which thermal radiation has a pressure $1 \mathrm{~atm}$.

Ameer Said
Ameer Said
Numerade Educator
04:51

Problem 7

[Adapted from Carrington] A constant-volume gas thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a bath, using the triple point of water as a reference. The pressure in the thermometer is measured by a mercury barometer (the height of a column of mercury is proportional to the pressure), with the following results:
$$
\begin{array}{cc}
\hline \begin{array}{c}
\text { Reading in triple-point bath } \\
(\mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg})
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Reading in measured bath } \\
(\mathrm{mm} \mathrm{Hg})
\end{array} \\
\hline 98 & 133.9 \\
301 & 411.4 \\
597 & 816.6 \\
821 & 1123.4 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Find the temperature of the bath, to a precision $\pm 0.03^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Ma Ednelyn Lim
Ma Ednelyn Lim
Numerade Educator