Book cover for Chemistry

Chemistry

Raymond Chang, Jason Overby

ISBN #9781259911156

13th Edition

3,254 Questions

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Summary
Learning Objectives
Key Concepts
Example Problems
Explanations
Common Mistakes

Summary

This section covers key principles of acid–base chemistry, including the Brønsted and Lewis definitions, equilibrium constants (Ka, Kb, and Kw), and pH calculations. It explains how to set up equilibrium expressions for both weak acids and bases, and discusses the concepts of percent ionization and salt hydrolysis. Additionally, it highlights how molecular structure and the nature of ions (such as metal cations and oxides) influence acid strength and pH. Mastery of these concepts is essential for both theoretical calculations and practical applications, from biological systems to industrial chemical processes.

Learning Objectives

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Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Acids and Bases (Ch 15)

Explains the fundamentals of acid–base chemistry by presenting both the Brønsted and Lewis definitions along with methods to evaluate acid and base strength. •

Example Problems

Example 1

Define Brønsted acids and bases. Give an example of a conjugate pair in an acid-base reaction.

Example 2

In order for a species to act as a Brønsted base, an atom in the species must possess a lone pair of electrons. Explain why this is so.

Example 3

Classify each of the following species as a Brønsted acid or base, or both: (a) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O},$ (b) $\mathrm{OH}^{-},$ (c) $\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}$, (h) $\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$ (d) $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$, (e) $\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$ (f) $\mathrm{NH}_{2}^{-},(\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}$ (i) HBr, (j) HCN.

Example 4

Write the formulas of the conjugate bases of the following acids: (a) $\mathrm{HNO}_{2}$, (b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$ (c) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}$ (d) $\mathrm{HCN}$, (e) HCOOH (formic acid).

Example 5

Identify the acid-base conjugate pairs in each of the following reactions: (a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}^{-}+\mathrm{HCN} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{CN}^{-}$ (b) $\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}+\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$ (c) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{PO}_{4}^{-}+\mathrm{NH}_{3} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{HPO}_{4}^{2-}+\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$ (d) $\mathrm{HClO}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{3}^{+}+\mathrm{ClO}^{-}$ (e) $\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\mathrm{OH}^{-}$

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Step-by-Step Explanations

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Common Mistakes

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