Chemistry

Catherine E. Housecroft, Edwin C. Constable

ISBN #9780273715450

4th Edition

995 Questions

13,222 Students Helped

Homework Questions

Summary

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

Example Problems

Explanations

Common Mistakes

Summary

This section bridges classical and quantum perspectives of atomic structure, beginning with the importance of electrons and classical models like Bohr's, then advancing to quantum mechanical descriptions through the Schrödinger equation. Key ideas include quantization, wave-particle duality, probability density, and the role of quantum numbers in defining atomic orbitals. Understanding these concepts is essential for explaining atomic behavior, periodic trends, and chemical properties.

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Acyclic and cyclic alkanes

A discussion of both open?chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) saturated hydrocarbons, emphasizing their structural features, nomenclature, conformational behavior (including ring strain and conformation), and the processes used in their interconversion and synthesis.

Example Problems

Example 1

Distinguish between a vector and a scalar quantity and give examples of each.

Example 2

Write down a relationship between wavelength, frequency and speed of light. Calculate the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation with frequencies of (a) $2.0 \times 10^{13} \mathrm{Hz},(\mathrm{b}) 4.5 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{Hz}$ and (c) $2.1 \times 10^{17} \mathrm{Hz.}$ By referring to the spectrum in Appendix $4,$ assign each wavelength to a particular type of radiation (e.g. X-rays).

Example 3

Determine the possible values of the quantum numbers $l$ and $m_{l}$ corresponding to $n=4 .$ From your answer, deduce the number of possible $4 f$ orbitals.

Example 4

Give the sets of four quantum numbers that uniquely define each electron in an atom of (a) He $(Z=2)$ and (b) $B(Z=5),$ each in its ground state.

Example 5

How many orbitals are there in (a) the shell with $n=3,$ (b) the $5 f$ sub-shell, (c) the $2 p$ sub-shell, (d) the $3 d$ sub-shell and (e) the $4 d$ sub-shell?