Book cover for Chemistry

Chemistry

Catherine E. Housecroft, Edwin C. Constable

ISBN #9780273715450

4th Edition

995 Questions

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Summary
Learning Objectives
Key Concepts
Example Problems
Explanations
Common Mistakes

Summary

This introductory section bridges the foundational concepts of organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. It highlights the differences in compound structures, bonding, reaction mechanisms, and the pivotal role of periodic trends. By understanding these core principles, students are equipped to analyze chemical reactions, predict compound behavior, and apply this knowledge in both academic and real-world contexts.

Learning Objectives

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Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Acyclic and cyclic alkanes

A discussion of both open?chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) saturated hydrocarbons, emphasizing their structural features, nomenclature, conformational behavior (including ring strain and conformation), and the processes used in their interconversion and synthesis.

Example Problems

Example 1

Balance the following half-equations by finding the number, $z,$ of electrons: (a) $\mathrm{Cr}^{2+}+z \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Cr}$ (b) $\left[\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}\right]^{2-}+14 \mathrm{H}^{+}+z \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{Cr}^{3+}+7 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ (c) $\left[\mathrm{S}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right]^{2-}+z \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightleftharpoons 2\left[\mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\right]^{2-}$ (d) $\mathrm{O}_{2}+4 \mathrm{H}^{+}+z \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ (e) $\left[\mathrm{BrO}_{3}\right]^{-}+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+z \mathrm{e}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Br}^{-}+6[\mathrm{OH}]^{-}$ (f) $\mathrm{PbO}_{2}+4 \mathrm{H}^{+}+\left[\mathrm{SO}_{4}\right]^{2-}+\mathrm{ze}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{PbSO}_{4}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

Example 2

For the reaction: $2 \mathrm{Ag}^{+}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{s})-2 \mathrm{Ag}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}(\mathrm{aq})$ $E_{\mathrm{cell}}^{\mathrm{o}}=1.56 \mathrm{V} .$ Calculate $\Delta G^{\mathrm{o}}$ per mole of $\mathrm{Ag}^{+}.$

Example 3

What information can you obtain from the following cell diagram? $$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Pt}\left[\mathbf{H}_{2}(\mathbf{g}, 1 \mathrm{bar})\right] | 2 \mathbf{H}^{+}\left(\mathbf{a q}, 1.0 \mathrm{mol} \mathrm{dm}^{-3}\right) & \\ &: \mathrm{Ce}^{4+}(\mathrm{aq}), \mathrm{Ce}^{3+}(\mathrm{aq}) | \mathrm{Pt} \end{aligned}$$

Example 4

Consider the following cell diagram: $$\begin{aligned} \mathbf{M g}(\mathbf{s}) | \mathbf{M} \mathrm{g}^{2+}(\mathbf{a q}) & \\ & \vdots 2 \mathbf{H}^{+}\left(\mathbf{a q}, 1.0 \mathrm{mol} \mathrm{dm}^{-3}\right) |\left[\mathbf{H}_{2}(\mathbf{g}, 1 \mathrm{bar})\right] \mathrm{Pt} \end{aligned}$$ (a) Write down the spontaneous cell reaction. (b) Calculate $E_{\text {cell}} $for the reaction$. ^{\circ}$ (c) Determine $\Delta G^{\circ}(298 \mathrm{K})$ for the reaction.

Example 5

Determine $E_{\text {cell }}^{\circ}$ and $\Delta G^{\circ}(298 \mathrm{K})$ for the following reactions: (a) $\mathrm{Co}^{2+}(\mathrm{aq})+2 \mathrm{Cr}^{2+}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{s})+2 \mathrm{Cr}^{3+}(\mathrm{aq})$ (b) $\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{Co}^{2+}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{Cr}^{2+}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightleftharpoons \frac{1}{2} \mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{s})+\mathrm{Cr}^{3+}(\mathrm{aq})$ (c) $\left[\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}\right]^{2-}(\mathrm{aq})+14 \mathrm{H}^{+}(\mathrm{aq})+6 \mathrm{Fe}^{2+}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightleftharpoons$ $2 \mathrm{Cr}^{3+}(\mathrm{aq})+7 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l})+6 \mathrm{Fe}^{3+}(\mathrm{aq})$
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Step-by-Step Explanations

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Common Mistakes

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