Book cover for Chemistry

Chemistry

Catherine E. Housecroft, Edwin C. Constable

ISBN #9780273715450

4th Edition

995 Questions

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Summary
Learning Objectives
Key Concepts
Example Problems
Explanations
Common Mistakes

Summary

This section outlines the innovative use of thermochemical data to derive parameter P, which informs our understanding of bond enthalpy and electronegativity in chemical systems. By extending data from simple diatomic molecules and related compounds, the method allows scientists to quantify how different oxidation states affect an element's electronegativity. A key example discussed is tin (Sn), whose electronegativity values vary distinctly between its Sn(II) and Sn(IV) states, highlighting the interplay between electron configuration and chemical behavior.

Learning Objectives

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p

Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Acyclic and cyclic alkanes

A discussion of both open?chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) saturated hydrocarbons, emphasizing their structural features, nomenclature, conformational behavior (including ring strain and conformation), and the processes used in their interconversion and synthesis.

Example Problems

Example 1

What is the oxidation state of the central atom (in pink) in each of the following compounds o ions: (a) $\mathrm{SCl}_{2} ;$ (b) $\mathrm{POCl}_{3} ;$ (c) $\left[\mathrm{XeF}_{5}\right]^{-}$ (d) $\left[\mathrm{Sb}_{2} \mathrm{F}_{11}\right]^{-} ;$ (e) $\left[\mathrm{HPO}_{4}\right]^{2-} ;(\mathrm{f}) \mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ (g) $\mathrm{Me}_{2} \mathrm{SnF}_{2} ;$ (h) $\left[\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}\right]^{2-} ;$ (i) $\left[\mathrm{MnO}_{4}\right]^{-}$

Example 2

Calculate $\Delta G^{\circ}(298 \mathrm{K})$ for the reaction given in equation $22.2 \text { if (at } 298 \mathrm{K}) \Delta_{\mathrm{f}} G^{\circ} \mathrm{B}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}(\mathrm{s})$ and $\mathrm{MgO}(\mathrm{s})=-1194$ and $-569 \mathrm{kJ} \mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ respectively.

Example 3

The Pauling electronegativities of B, $\mathrm{F}, \mathrm{Cl}$ and $\mathrm{Br}$ are listed in Table $5.2 .$ (a) What are the relative dipole moments of $\mathrm{B}-\mathrm{F}, \mathrm{B}-\mathrm{Cl}$ and $\mathrm{B}-\mathrm{Br}$ bonds? (b) When pyridine reacts with $\mathrm{BF}_{3}, \mathrm{BCl}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{BBr}_{3},$ which trihalide might you expect to attract the Lewis acid the most, based solely on your answer to part (a)? (c) Rationalize why the formation of $\mathrm{Br}_{3} \mathrm{B} \cdot \mathrm{py}$ (from pyridine and $\mathrm{BBr}_{3}$ ) is more favourable than the formation of $\mathrm{Cl}_{3} \mathrm{B} \cdot \mathrm{py},$ which in turn is more favourable than the formation of $\mathrm{F}_{3} \mathrm{B} \cdot \mathrm{py} .$ Does this ordering support or contradict your answer to (b)? What conclusions can you draw?

Example 4

How do magnetic data assist in the formulation of $'\mathrm{GaCl}_{2}'$ as $\mathrm{Ga}\left[\mathrm{GaCl}_{4}\right] ?$

Example 5

Use the VSEPR model to predict the structures of (a) $\left[\operatorname{InBr}_{6}\right]^{3-},$ (b) $\left[\mathrm{GaCl}_{5}\right]^{2-}$ and (c) $\left[\mathrm{GaCl}_{4}\right]^{-}$ In the salt $\left[\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5}\right)_{4}\mathrm{N}\right]_{2}\left[\mathrm{InCl}_{5}\right],$ the dianion has a square-based pyramidal structure. Suggest possible reasons for this geometry.
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Common Mistakes

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