Chemistry

Catherine E. Housecroft, Edwin C. Constable

ISBN #9780273715450

4th Edition

995 Questions

13,222 Students Helped

Homework Questions

Summary

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

Example Problems

Explanations

Common Mistakes

Summary

This chapter introduces key concepts in polar organic molecules, emphasizing the roles of electronegativity in forming polar bonds, the computation and implications of molecular dipole moments, and the influence of inductive and field effects on molecular behavior. A solid understanding of these topics enables students to analyze and predict the properties and reactivity of various organic compounds.

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Acyclic and cyclic alkanes

A discussion of both open?chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) saturated hydrocarbons, emphasizing their structural features, nomenclature, conformational behavior (including ring strain and conformation), and the processes used in their interconversion and synthesis.

Example Problems

Example 1

Give the directions of the dipole moments in the following bonds: (a) $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{Br} ;$ (b) $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{H} ;$ (c) $\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{F}$ (d) $C-S$

Example 2

Which of the following molecules are polar? (a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Cl} ;$ (b) $\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2} ;$ (c) $\mathrm{SO}_{3} ;$ (d) HCHO; (e) HBr; (f) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} ;(\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH} ;$ (h) $\mathrm{CBr}_{4}$

Example 3

For each of the polar molecules in problem 27.2 draw a diagram to show the approximate direction of the molecular dipole moment.

Example 4

Which of the following molecules are polar? (a) $\mathrm{SO}_{2} ;$ (b) $\mathrm{CO}_{2} ;$ (c) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} ;$ (d) $\mathrm{HC} \equiv \mathrm{CCl} ;$ (e) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}$.

Example 5

For each of the following molecules, comment on factors that contribute to the direction and magnitude of the molecular dipole moments. (FIGURE CANNOT COPY)