Chemistry

Catherine E. Housecroft, Edwin C. Constable

ISBN #9780273715450

4th Edition

995 Questions

13,222 Students Helped

Homework Questions

Summary

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

Example Problems

Explanations

Common Mistakes

Summary

Polyatomic molecules exhibit a variety of shapes that can be predicted using the VSEPR theory, which accounts for repulsions between electron domains. By analyzing both bonding pairs and lone pairs, students can determine the molecular geometry and understand how these spatial arrangements affect molecular properties. Understanding these principles is crucial for applications in chemistry, biology, and materials science.

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Acyclic and cyclic alkanes

A discussion of both open?chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) saturated hydrocarbons, emphasizing their structural features, nomenclature, conformational behavior (including ring strain and conformation), and the processes used in their interconversion and synthesis.

Example Problems

Example 1

Draw diagrams showing Lewis structures for $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$\left[\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right]^{+},\left[\mathrm{N}_{3}\right]^{-}$ and $\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}$

Example 2

Using VSEPR theory, predict the shape of $\left[\mathbf{I}_{\mathbf{3}}\right]^{-}$ Following from this answer and using isoelectronic relationships, suggest the shapes of $\left[1 \mathrm{Br}_{2}\right]^{-}$ and $\left[\mathrm{ClF}_{2}\right]^{-}$.

Example 3

(a) What shapes are molecules of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{SO}_{2} ?$ (b) Using your answer to (a) and the isoclectronic principle, suggest structures for $\left[\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right]^{+},\left[\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right]^{-}$ $\mathrm{CS}_{2}, \mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ and $[\mathrm{NCS}]^{-}$

Example 4

Use VSEPR theory to suggest structures for (a) $\mathbf{B C}_{3 .}(\mathbf{b}) \mathrm{NF}_{3 .}(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{SCl}_{2},(\mathrm{d})\left[\mathbf{I}_{3}\right]^{+},(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{PCl}_{5},(\mathrm{f})$ $\left[\mathrm{AsF}_{6}\right]^{-},(\mathrm{g})\left[\mathrm{A} \mathrm{IH}_{4}\right]^{-}$ and (h) $\mathrm{XeF}_{4}$

Example 5

In each series of molecular species, pick out the one member that is structurally different and specify its shape and the shapes of the remaining members of the series. (EQUATION CAN'T COPY)