Summary
This chapter uses the atomic model to explain how microscopic particle behavior gives rise to macroscopic thermal properties such as temperature, pressure, and phase changes. By applying the ideal gas law, as well as principles of thermal expansion, specific heat, and heat transfer (via conduction, convection, and radiation), we can analyze and predict the behavior of solids, liquids, and gases under various conditions. Students learn to distinguish between different thermodynamic processes, perform calorimetry calculations, and apply these concepts to real-world phenomena like tire pressure changes, building expansion, and energy balance in biological systems.