Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction

William D. Callister, Jr. David G. Rethwisch

ISBN #9780471736967

7th Edition

771 Questions

65,043 Students Helped

Homework Questions

Summary

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

Example Problems

Explanations

Common Mistakes

Summary

This section covers the fundamental thermal properties of materials including heat capacity, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It emphasizes the atomic-level mechanisms—primarily through vibrational energy (phonons) and free electron contributions—that govern these phenomena. In addition, understanding how thermal stresses develop, whether from restrained expansion or temperature gradients, is essential in material design to prevent failure due to thermal shock. The relationships among these properties are critical for practical applications in engineering and materials science.

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Ceramics Fabrication Techniques

The methods and processes used for shaping, forming, and consolidating ceramic materials into final products with desired properties.

Example Problems

Example 1

Estimate the energy required to raise the temperature of $5 \mathrm{kg}\left(11.0 \mathrm{lb}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)$ of the following materials from 20 to $150^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ( 68 to $300^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ ): aluminum, brass, aluminum oxide (alumina), and polypropylene.

Example 2

To what temperature would $10 \mathrm{lb}_{\mathrm{m}}$ of a brass specimen at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\left(77^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right)$ be raised if 65 Btu of heat is supplied?

Example 3

(a) Determine the room temperature heat capacities at constant pressure for the following materials: copper, iron, gold, and nickel (b) How do these values compare with one another? How do you explain this?

Example 4

For copper, the heat capacity at constant volume $C_{v}$ at $20 \mathrm{K}$ is $0.38 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{mol}$ - $\mathrm{K}$, and the Debye temperature is $340 \mathrm{K}$. Estimate the specific heat (a) at $40 \mathrm{K}$ and (b) at $400 \mathrm{K}$.

Example 5

The constant $A$ in Equation 19.2 is $12 \pi^{4} R / 5 \theta_{\mathrm{D}}^{3},$ where $R$ is the gas constant and $\theta_{\mathrm{D}}$ is the Debye temperature (K). Estimate $\theta_{\mathrm{D}}$ for aluminum, given that the specific heat is $4.60 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{kg}-\mathrm{K}$ at $15 \mathrm{K}$.