Book cover for Organic chemistry with biological applications

Organic chemistry with biological applications

John E. McMurry

ISBN #9781285842912

3rd Edition

1,528 Questions

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13,325 Students Helped

Homework Questions

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Summary

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

Example Problems

Explanations

Common Mistakes

Summary

This section covers central aspects of carbohydrate metabolism, beginning with the enzymatic digestion of starch into glucose and progressing through glycolysis, the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, and the citric acid cycle. It also explores the biosynthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis, emphasizing that these pathways, while sharing common intermediates, operate by distinct regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, the module touches on influenza pandemics, highlighting how the viral neuraminidase enzyme is targeted by antiviral drugs to prevent virus release. Together, these processes underscore the central role of carbohydrate metabolism in energy production and its pharmacological implications.

Learning Objectives

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Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Definition: The study of molecular reactivity via polar covalent bonds where differences in electronegativity create dipole moments, guiding acid–base behavior.

The study of molecular reactivity via polar covalent bonds where differences in electronegativity create dipole moments, guiding acid–base behavior. •

Example Problems

Example 1

Identify the two steps in glycolysis in which ATP is produced.

Example 2

Look at the entire glycolysis pathway and make a list of the kinds of organic reactions that take place-nucleophilic acyl substitutions, aldol reactions, imine formations, E1cB reactions, and so forth.

Example 3

Is it the pro- $R$ or pro-S hydrogen that is removed in step 5 of glycolysis, the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate? You might want to review Section $5-11$ on prochirality.

Example 4

In step 6 of glycolysis (Figure 22.6) the hydride ion from glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate adds to the $S i$ face of $\mathrm{NAD}^{+}$. Draw the structure of the NADH that results, and indicate which hydrogen in NADH is the one added.

Example 5

Which carbon atoms in glucose end up as $-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$ carbons in acetyl CoA, and which carbons end up as $\mathrm{CO}_{2} ?$

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Step-by-Step Explanations

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Common Mistakes

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