Book cover for Physics

Physics

John D. Cutnell, Kenneth W. Johnson, David Young, Shane Stadler

ISBN #9781118486894

10th Edition

2,562 Questions

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Summary

Learning Objectives

Key Concepts

Example Problems

Explanations

Common Mistakes

Summary

This section of the textbook provides an in-depth exploration of nuclear physics and radioactivity. It covers the fundamental structure of the nucleus, the roles of the strong nuclear force, and the concept of mass defect and binding energy. A detailed analysis of various types of radioactive decay—including alpha, beta, and gamma decay—is presented, along with the underlying conservation laws governing these processes. The chapter further illustrates practical applications such as radiocarbon dating, medical procedures, and radiation detection techniques, emphasizing the real-world significance of these nuclear processes.

Learning Objectives

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Key Concepts

CONCEPT

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Example Problems

Example 1

For ${ }_{82}^{208} \mathrm{Pb}$ find $(\mathrm{a})$ the net electrical charge of the nucleus, (b) the number of neutrons, (c) the number of nucleons, (d) the approximate radius of the nucleus, and (e) the nuclear density.

Example 2

A nucleus contains 18 protons and 22 neutrons. What is the radius of this nucleus?

Example 3

In each of the following cases, what element does the symbol $X$ represent and how many neutrons are in the nucleus? Use the periodic table on the inside of the back cover as needed. (a) ${ }_{78}^{195} \mathrm{X}$ (b) ${ }_{16}^{32} \mathrm{X}$ (c) ${ }_{29}^{63} \mathrm{X}$ (d)$_{5}^{11} \mathbf{X}(\mathbf{e})_{94}^{239} \mathbf{X}$

Example 4

By what factor does the nucleon number of a nucleus have to increase in order for the nuclear radius to double?

Example 5

In electrically neutral atoms, how many (a) protons are in the uranium ${ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}$ nucleus, (b) neutrons are in the mercury ${ }_{80}^{202} \mathrm{Hg}$ nucleus, and (c) electrons are in orbit about the niobium ${ }_{41}^{93} \mathrm{Nb}$ nucleus?

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Common Mistakes

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