PREP QUESTIONS
1 Describe Diabetes Mellitus and differentiate between its types. DM Type 1 : a genetic disorder usually shows in early childhood. Traction of beta cells of the pancreas. The immune system is attacking and destroying insulin-producing cells. Beta cells are nonfunctional. DONT produce insulin .this is onset; rapid) DM Type 2 : dysfunctional beta cells. Resistant to the action of insulin. A sedentary lifestyle: obesity. The body still produces insulin, but it's not effective anymore. Tends to develop at an older age.
2 Explain the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus.
Type one occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin. Type one tends to develop at a young age and cannot be prevented.
prevented with lifestyle modifications and controlled with medications.
3 What are the sign and symptoms of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes?
Polyuria FATIGUE sores numbness and tingling Polyphagia BLURRED VISION wounds that heal slowly. Sensation. Polydipsia unintentional weight loss 4 How is Diabetes diagnosed? Explain each diagnostic procedure/lab test.
DM: endocrine disorder diagnosed by the presence of chronic hyperglycemia Random sampling of blood glucose level above 200 mg/dl with classic signs and symptoms Fasting glucose levels of greater than 126 mg/dl Blood glucose concentration greater than 200 mg/ dl 2hrs after 75 g oral glucose load HgbA1c level above 6.5 5 Describe the pathophysiological changes in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Continued insulin deficiency and other hormonal influences. It increases stress hormones leading to lipolysis.
6 What fluid and electrolyte disturbances commonly occur in DKA?
Water decreases, potassium increases, sodium decreases, magnesium decreases, and phosphorus decreases.
7 What acid-base disturbances commonly seen in DKA?
Hyper glycemia, High blood sugar, Hypovolemia, lactic acidosis, and metabolic acidosis , keatosis electrolyte imbalances
8 Describe the medical management of a patient with Diabetes.
Blood glucose is monitored daily before meals. Make sure insulin is given make sure they eat within 15 mn .
9 How are blood glucose levels monitored? How often?
Every day and before meals.
10 List 3 appropriate NANDA Nursing diagnoses for Diabetes
1 Risk for skin integrity 2 nutritional deficiency 3 Risk for infection
PREP QUESTIONS
11 Explain the mechanism of action of the following medications:
NURSING
MEDICATION
CLASSIFICATION
ACTION
SIDE EFFECTS
RESPONSIBILITIES
Regular Insulin
Antidiabetic, pancreatic hormone.-short acting
Transport of glucose into Blurred vision, dry mouth, Assess fasting blood glucose, cells and the conversion of flushing rash, hypoglycemia, HgbAlchypoglycemia. glucose to glycogen, peripheral edema, Teach aptient that blurred if indirecly increases pyruvate anaphalaxis blurred vison occcurs report lactate, decreases phosphate it. Keep insulin equipment and potassium. available at all times. It lowers blood glucose by throat irritation. Inspect skin areas that will be stimulating peripheral a stuffy and runny nose. used for injection; note any glucose uptake by skeletal litching. areas that are bruised. muscle and fat, and by flu-like symptoms. thickened, or scarred, which inhibiting hepatic glucose pain. could interfere with insulin production. Insulins inhibit weight gain absorption and alter lipolysis and proteolysis, and anticipated response to enhance protein synthesis. insulin therapy. Obtain blood glucose levels as order