Test 2
GI Illness and Metabolic Syndrome
-Hiatal Hernia: when part of the stomach protrudes through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm.
-Gastritis: inflammation of the lining of the stomach (Acute gastritis is salmonella poisoning) stay away from spicy foods, alcohol, and coffee.
-ulcers: erosion of the mucosal lining - stay away from salt, acid, spicy, alcohol
-Celiac Disease: genetically malabsorptive disorder~ the ingestion of gluten causes sever destruction of intestinal villi- very commonly misdiagnosed
-IBs (irritable bowel syndrome)- irregular contractions of the bowel resulting in diarrhea and
constipation
Insulin resistance- the cells of the body become resistant to insulin. First step to type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic syndrome- term that puts you at risk for diabetes and heart disease.
Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism
-Metabolic: nutrients are used at a cellular level for basic life processes.
-chemical: digestive enzymes change food nutrients into simple forms to aid absorption.
- Physical: food is broken down into small pieces in the mouth and mixed with digestive juices in the stomach, than propelled through the digestive system by peristalsis.
Digestive enzymes and chemicals
-Salivary amylases- mouth (begins digestion)
-Lipases- breakdown of fats in stomach
-Proteases- Breakdown proteins into amino acids.
- Pepsin- breakdown proteins also
-Bile- breakdown fat/ made in liver stored in gallbladder.
Insulin- transport of glucose
Absorption occurs in small intestine.
Metabolic rate- how fast your body breaks down and digests food
Infant and Toddler nutrition
Expecting weight gain for women who are pregnant is approx. 25-35 Ibs for a "normal weight" woman A pre-natal vitamin containing 400 mcg of folic acid and LCPUFA's should be taken daily, preferably prior to conception.
Maternal issues
Morning sickness/ hyperemesis gravidarum (worse than morning sickness/ more serious). Vitamin B6 can help with morning sickness. Constipation due to the hormone relaxin.
Brest feeding
Colostrum- contains antibodies which help the baby, found in breast milk.
Some complications
Engorgement: breasts overfill with milk and become hard and tender. Treat with warm packs and increased feeding/ pumping milk. Mastitis- an infection inside a milk duct. Woman presents with a painful, reddened area on breast, fever, and malaise. Treat with antibiotics and continued nursing. Sore/ cracked nipples- common problem in the beginning stages of breast feeding. Ensure baby is positioned and latched on correctly and instruct mom to use Lansinoh cream and air dry.
Babies should be fed every 2-3 hours for 10-15 min long on each breast.
Hind milk is milk rom upper breast, more nutritious.
Soy formulas are used when the baby has an intolerance to regular formula. They aren't indicated for use in preterm infants.
Foods to avoid before 1 year- cows milk, egg whites, nuts, shellfish, honey.
Common nutritional issues
Diarrhea- BRAT diet (bread, rice, apple sauce, toast)
Gerd- thicken formula with cereal.
Constipation- high milk volume, poor variety in diet, add more fiber.
Obesity and health
Fat location: visceral fat- adipose tissue around abdominal organs (apple shape) these people are ore active, associated with higher disease risk.
Subcutaneous fat- adipose tissue under the skin,