PHARM - WEEK 1
Terms Drug: before administration Medication: after administration
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
Schedule 1
HIGHEST potential for abuse -> Very addictive Only approved w/protocol Usually illegal High physical & psychological dependency Ex: heroin, marijuana
Body responses to drugs Systemic effect: throughout the body -> flu shot Local effect: just 1 place -> bee sting
Drugs are used to: Prevent, Cure, Diagnose, Alleviate, Relieve
Schedule 2
NO refill w/o Dr's written Rx High physical & psychological dependency Ex: Oxycodone
Sources of medications -> important to know where they come from bc of people's cultural aspect ex: Jewish people don't eat pork and Muslims don't eat cows, so they may refuse meds that came from those animals Plants -> morphine Animals -> insulin, heparin (older forms) Minerals -> Fe, aspirin/ASA Synthetic -> Sodium bicarb Semi-synthetic -> most abx (antibiotics)
Schedule 3
Psychological dependency high Written or oral Rx that expires in 6 months Ex: codeine + acetaminophen
Schedule 4
Low psych + physical dependency Written or oral Rx that expires in 6 months Ex: Xanax
Schedule 5
LOWEST psych + physical dependency Written Rx or OTC
Therapeutic Classification
antihypertensive
Pharmacologic Classifications The way drugs works at the molecular, tissue, or body system -> diuretics, vasodilators, CCBs
FDA Drug Approval Process Phase 1: Preclinical investigation -> animal studies, looks for SE (side effects) Prototype: well understood model drug w/ which other Phase 2: Clinical Investigation -> human studies, 3 steps drugs in a pharmacologic class may be compared and it takes long Drug naming methods **Test will be done in GENERIC Phase 3: Review of New Drug Application (NDA) -> can take 17-24 months to review Chemical: chemical structure/composition [have Phase 4: Post Marketing surveillance -> its ongoing! weird names w/ organic chemistry wording] Generic: non-proprietary, kind of like the chemical name but assigned by the USANC & are lower case o acetaminophen Trade: the manufacturers name it & are Capitalized Combination: drug w/ more than 1 active generic ingredient
IMPORTANT DATES
1914 -- Harrison Narcotic Act -> LABELED which drugs are narcotics...still NO CONTROL over them 1938 - FFDCA -> required manufacturers to provide data about safety; created an app. Process to investigate new drugs 1951 -- Durham Humphrey Amend -> established Rx drugs..now you have to get a Rx; Caution labels: "Federal law prohibits the distribution w/o Rx" 1970 -- Controlled Substance Act -> schedules for controlled substances + promoted drug addiction research & tx 1983 -- Orphan Drug -> FDA can research drugs that tx rare diseases (orphan drugs) 1996 -- HIPPA -> AIl meds info. of a pt has to stay confidential 2011 - Affordable Care Act -> FDA allowed generic versions of meds to be purchased; allowed rebates & benefits to American citizens (aka gave health insurance to people)
OTC meds > nonRx drugs Use for short term of common minor illnesses
Herbal & Dietary Supplements Dietary supplement: oral alternative meds, include herbal supplements Herbs: plant components used for medicinal qualities o Ex: aloe, garlic, gingko, echinac