Article 6:
DeteRMInAtION oF enZyMES
definition and structure Enzymes are protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions of biological origin. Therefore, it is understood that they are of intracellular synthesis and are present in all tissues; But not all tissues have the same enzymes, nor are they produced in the same amounts. They can serve as markers for certain pathologies (enzymes with diagnostic utility); so much so that there are pathologies whose diagnosis is based solely on enzymatic ENZIMAS COMPLEJOS determinations. They are high molecular weight proteins. They can be denatured (lose their tertiary structure), amphoteric, and can be separated by electrophoresis. They are not filtered at the glomerular level and are therefore not present in urine. Some enzymes are complex, meaning that in order to be activated they require the coenzima presence of an additional component called a cofactor, which can be organic or inorganic in apoenzima holoenzima nature.
Organic in nature. In this case, the cofactor is called a coenzyme. These can be molecules such as NAD, NADP or pyridoxal P (pyridoxal phosphate) Inorganic in nature. In this case, the cofactor is called an enzyme activator. These can be metal ions such as Zn2+, Fe2+ or Mg2+.
interest in the lab
. . .
Enzymes are responsible for inborn errors of metabolism (enzymopathies). The presence of enzymes in a sample is useful for diagnosing disease (diagnostic enzymology).
function and properties function Enzymes focus on catalyzing metabolic reactions by making them faster and using less energy. They do not alter the reaction products in which they participate; moreover, they remain free without also changing their structure. Thus, a single enzyme is able to catalyze more than one reaction. They speed up the reaction rate because they reduce the activation energy required for this reaction. In the absence of enzyme, a much higher energy must be reached than in the presence of o-enzyme for the reaction to proceed. Therefore, the enzymes increase the yield of the reaction, ie they achieve that the endpoint of the reaction is reached earlier.
LIBRE
ENZ + SUST
ES
PROD+ENZ
SIN CAMBIOS
Ea sin enzima
A
a de enzima
SUSTRATO
PRODUCTO
mechanism of enzyme action 1. The enzyme-substrate complex is formed 2. When in need of a coenzyme, it binds to this complex. 3. The amino acid residues that make up the active site catalyze the process. To do this, they weaken the bonds necessary for the chemical reaction to take place at low temperature, and high activation energy is not required. 4. 5. Coenzymes support the process; either providing energy in the form of ATP, electrons (NADH/NADPH) or in other functions related to enzymatic catalysis.
The substrate.sucrose,consists of glucose and fructose bonded together. The substrate binds to the enzyme. forming an enzyme-substrate complex. H,O
Glucose
Fructose
Bono
Products are released, and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates.
The binding of the substrate and enzyme places stress on the glucose-fructose bond. and the bond breaks.
Active sit
Enzyme
properties . They are effective