4-3 Final Project Milestone One: Health Issue
Shelby Groskritz
IHP-330 Principles of Epidemiology
SNHU
Risk Factors:
There are multiple things that can increase an individual's likelihood of contacting
salmonella. Those whom are under the age of 5 years old, over the age of 65 years old or are
immunocompromised are at greatest risk. There were multiple risk factors in the case study
Salmonella in the Caribbean. Food dishes that contained eggs that were raw or undercooked
were at great risk of transmitting salmonella. Another risk factor is the conditions of the
environment that the animals lived in. In general, the farms that had higher salmonella rates
appeared unsanitary.
Mode of Transmission:
Per the CDC, salmonella can be contracted from eating contaminated food or drinks,
or touching infected animals, infected animal feces or their environment. In the case study
salmonella was transmitted through contaminated animal products, mainly being eggs. The
specific raw egg-containing foods that were implicated by the case patients' food histories
included homemade eggnog, cake batter, homemade ice cream, stout and eggs. The implicated
food items correlated with the prevalence of salmonella cases (Stehr-Green, 2005)
Incidence:
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
51 / 1.265.000 x 100.000
4.03
44 / 1,265,000 x 100,000 56 / 1.265.000 x 100.000 85 / 1,265,000 x 100,000 135 / 1,265,000 x 100,000 114 / 1,265,000 x 100,000 129 / 1,265,000 x 100,000 139 / 1,265,000 x 100,000 205 / 1,265,000 x 100,00016 139 / 1,265,000 x 100,000
3.48 4.43 6.72 10.67 9.01 10.20 10.99 16.21 10.99
Prevalence:
Enteritidis
10+12+28+57+117+83= 307
307 / 1,265,000 x 100,000= 24.27
Typhimurium
331 / 1,265,000 x 100,000= 26.17
Other
37+28+37+58+31+47+54+59+67+41=459
459 / 1,265,000 x 100,000= 36.28
Mortality Rate:
I calculated the mortality rate by adding the total number of laboratory isolations of
stereotype.
51+44+56+85+135+114+129+139+205+139= 1,097
Salmonella killed an average of 4 people each year
1,097 / 4= 274.25
Odds Ratio:
Greatest to least great risk:
18.9: Foods that contained raw or undercooked eggs
8.8: Eating egg shells
1.5: Ingesting powdered milk