FORS2355 Lecture Exam II November 1, 2021 @9am-10am Lectures 11-19 (Amphibians -- Crocodilians)
Lecture 11
1. What are the extant lineages of amphibians? a. Caudata b. Anura C. Gymnophiona 2. What are some characteris cs of amphibian's skin? a. Moist b. Scaleless C. Signi cant 02/C02 exchange d. Granular Glands that contain degrees of toxicity e. Mucous Glands 3. What are the hearing organs in amphibians and what frequencies do they hear? a. Papilla amphiborum - hearing organs of the inner ear b. Lower frequencies; >1,000 Hz c. Radiated during Jurassic; ca.250 mya 4. How do amphibians breathe? -- through the skin is common for most species. 5. Explain this form of locomo on -- Salamanders have this generalized body form, locomo on a. Elongate; nearly all with 4 func onal legs b. Walking -- trot gait c. Primi ve form of locomo on d. Lateral bending of shes; moving diagonal pair of legs together
6. Where is the greatest diversity of salamanders located? -- North America/Central America; ex: TN with > species than Asia, Europe combined! Smokey Mountains have more species than Asia and Europe combined. 7. De ne and explain (give examples) Paedomorphosis - common reten on of Iarval characteris cs by adults; neoteny; external gills, no eyelids, func onal lateral line.
8. What are some aspects of salamander reproduc on? - Internal; external fer liza on in only 3
families -- Giant and Asia c salamanders, sirens; males with no external sex organs; deposit "sperm packets"; spermatomorphes (capsule of sperm, gela nous base); variable modes of transfer -- deposit on female; male inserts into cloaca; deposit on substrate; female picks up with cloaca. 9. What do male salamanders with no external sex organs deposit? - Sperm packets 10. De ne viviparity; what are some characteris cs of Plethodon d salamanders? - few species viviparous; give birth to live, fully developed young; gesta on 2-4 years in some. 11. De ne "dear enemy recogni on" -- males mark substrate with pheromones; dis nguish from pheromones of territorial neighbors; defend areas used for feeding and breeding. Ex: Red- backed Salamander. Only engage in risky behaviors with strangers than neighbors. 12. Characteris cs of frogs and toads -- highly specialized body form; locomo on; modi ed limbs, muscles for hopping, jumping, elongated hindlimbs, robust forelimbs, fusion of bones ( bia and bula); posterior vertebrae (urostyle); shortened vertebral column (increased rigidity); large anterior eyes (binocular vision). 13. Draw and label the limb length comparison graph.
14. What is the di erence between short-legged hoppers and long-legged jumpers when it comes to preda on? 15. Feeding strategies for aqua c vs semiaqua c frogs and toads -- suc on if aqua c -- similar to sh; catapult-like s cky tongue if semiaqua c terrestrial; genioglossus muscle extends and hyoglossus muscle retracts. 16. De ne Explosive Breeding -- intense breeding, over short amount of me; few days for some. 17. De ne prolonged breeding -- less intense breeding over several months. 18. Wha