FORS2355 Vertebrate Natural History Lab Exam II (Birds and Mammals)
Lab Exam II - November 15th @4pm-7pm
1. Label these types of bird feet and give an example of each. a. Anisodactyl -- the hallux is behind and the other three toes are in front, such as a Wood Thrush. b. Zygodactyl -- the toes are arranged in pairs, the second and the third toes in front, the fourth and hallux behind, as in a woodpecker. C. Heterodactyl - like the zygodactyl foot excpet the inner toe is reversed (digits 3 and 4 face forward, 1 and 2 face backward); found only in Trogons d. Syndactyl -- the thirs and fourth toes (outer and middle) are united for most of their length and have a broad sole in common, such as the Belted King sher e. Pamprodactyl -- all toes are in front
2. Label these types of bird feet and give an example of each.
in hawks and owls. Semipalmate -- or half-webbed; the anterior toes are joined part way by a small webbing, as in the Semipalmated Plover C. To palmate - or fully webbed; all four toes are united by ample webs, as in a cormorant d. Palmate -- or webbed; the front toes are united as in ducks and gulls. e. Lobate -- or lobed; a swimming foot with a series of lateral lobes on the toes, as in a grebe.
Raptorial
Semipalmate
Totipalmate
Palmate
Lobate
3. De ne Endothermy -- internal (metabolic) heat controls body temperature. De ne keeled sternum -- muscles can a ach to this bone to generate power during ight. 5. De ne bipedal locomo on - walking on 2 legs 6. Clavicles fuses to form and provides strength for skeleton during ight. Furcula 7. are lled with airsacs and decreases weight, aid in ight and respira on. Hollow bones(pneuma c) 8. toe that is pointed backwards and allows perching. Hallux 9. fusion of the remaining caudal vertebrae and func ons as tail feather support. Pygostyle 1fi. List the types of bird beaks: a. Warbler -- insect catcher b. Nighthawk -- insect net C. Raven -- generalized bill Eagle -- esh tearer e. Pelican -- dip net f. Merganser -- sh grasper Anhinga -- sh spear h. Spoonbill - mud si er i. Dabbling duck -- water strainer
j. Flamingo - mud si er k. Cardinal -- seed cracker I. Crossbill -- pine seed extractor
11. True or False? Feathers are a synapomorphy -- False because other organisms (e.g., some dinosaurs) have been shown to possess them. 12. Label the parts of a feather. a. Rachis b. Vane C. A erfeather d. Barbs e. Calamusftlow sha
Rachis
Hooklets Barbule Barb
Vane
Afterfeather
Downy barbs
"Barbule Barb
Hollow shaft, calamus 13. Label the parts of a bird wing. WING OF A BIRD middle covert down feathers alula middle primary covert
primary covert
scapulars greater coverts
mirror
terti
ww.infovisual.info
secondaries
primaries
14. Feather Types a. Down -- used for insula on b. Semi-plum