REVIEWTERMSAND CHARTS/FIGURES FOR FINALEXAM!
1. Define specific dynamic action -- increased heat production associated with digesting 2. Define Thermoneutral zone -- range of temperatures where metabolic rate is standard; regulated by altering rate of heat loss (change in posture, etc.) 3. Define lower critical temp. -point where heat production must be increased. 4. Define lower lethal temp. -- metabolic heat production maximized, but still not able to elevate body temperature. As body temperature drops, chemical reactions sensitive to temperature. As metabolism slows, positive feedback into hypothermia. 5. Define Upper critical temp. -- non-evaporative heat loss maximized; must use evaporative cooling for further heat loss. Sweating, panting, etc. 6. Define Upper lethal temp. - evaporative cooling maximized, but still not able to reduce body temperature. As body temperature rises, metabolism increases, positive feedback into hyperthermia. 7. What are the 5 types of feathers? a. Primaries b. Secondaries c. Rectrices d. Coverts e. Tertials 8. Label this diagram of the 8 major feather tracts (in order from top to bottom): a. Capital b. Humeral c. Alar d. Ventral e. Spinal f. Femoral g. Crural h. Caudal 9. Define Angle of attack -- the vertical angle between the wing and direction of air. 10. Define Cambered wings -- possessing a curved upper surface and a flat lower surface. 11. Define aspect ratio and give 2 examples. -- the ratio of wing length to width a. Long, narrow wing = high aspect ratio b. Short, broad wing = low aspect ratio 12. Define what taper the wing means -- reduces area where drag is greatest. 13. Give an example of a bird species for each wing on the diagram and describe their flight. a. Hummingbird -- very powerful wingbeats; closer to the scapula b. Frigatebird -- powered flight and gliding; longer forearm; all 3 segments equal in length c. Albatross -- forearm is the longest segment; meant for long duration soaring. 14. Label and describe these wing shapes. a. Dynamic soaring -- long, narrow wing b. Elliptical -- forest species for fast speeds, high maneuverability c. High Aspect Ratio -- flat profile; typical of fast, strong fliers d. High lift -- static soarers that seek out rising air masses
15. What is the initial theory and modern theory of why all birds are oviparous? -- The initial theory for why all birds are oviparous is that limitations from specialization for flight prevented evolution of viviparity. Problem is that bats are viviparous and flightless birds are oviparous. The modern theory is that in reptiles, evolution of viviparity tied to retention of eggs in oviducts; birds are endothermic so that they can regulate egg temperature outside of the body. Incubation/brooding; no benefits for retention of eggs 16. What is the process of egg development? -- ovary releases ova, enters infundibulum -> egg encased in shell in a shell gland -> exits via cloaca (can all happen within 24 hours) 17. Define Polyandry -- females control limiting resource, gain access to >1 male. Example Spotted Sandpiper