Vertebrate Natural History
Final Exam Study Guide (not cumulative: Lectures 20-27)
1. Label this phylogeny tree.
cephalochor rays, rtfishes) and ntiformes
8.Batrachia
14.Theria
11.Diapsida 7.Lissamphibia 10.Sauropsida
13.Synapsida including Mammalia
6.Tetrapoda 5.Rhipidistia
4.Sarcopterygii
3.Osteichthyes
2.Gnathostomata
1.Vertebrata
2. Define thermoregulation. a. Regulation of body temperature. i. Essential for most tetrapod's ii. Some climes too hot, some too cold 3. Define Ectotherms. a. Animals that gain heat from external sources in order to raise body temp. b. Ancestral form; lower metabolic rate c. Ex: non-amniotes, turtles, lizards, snakes, & crocodilians 4. Define Endotherms. a. Animals that gain heat from metabolic processes in order to raise body temp b. Derived form; higher metabolic rate c. Ex. Birds, mammals 5. What are some examples of how ectotherms and endotherms are not mutually exclusive? a. Ex: pythons heating eggs b. Ex: roadrunners basking in sun
6. Label this diagram.
Radiant temperature of sky 20C Air temperature 35
Dust in aE
SCATTERED SOLAR RADIATION
INFRARED RADIATION
CONVECTION
EVAPORATION
CONDUCTION
Lizard temperature 37
In sun 45
In shade 35
Ground temperature
a.
7. What are some ways heat can be gained as well as lost? a. Gain i. Directly ii. Reflected iii. Conduction iv. Convection b. Lost i. Conduction ii. Convection iii. Evaporation iv. Breathing 8. Define specific dynamic action. a. Increased heat production associated with digesting food 9. Label this diagram.
HEAT
Simple Molecules
ATP
Complex Molecules
HEAT
a.
10. Define zone of tolerance. a. Range of temps. Over which body temp. can be kept stable. b. Above ZOT, cannot dissipate heat die! c. Below ZOT, heat loss > heat production & die! 11. Define Thermoneutral zone. a. Range of temps where metabolic rate is standard. b. Regulate by altering rate of heat loss (change in posture, etc.) 12. Define lower critical temp. a. Point where heat production must be increased b. Metabolism and/or shivering 13. Label this diagram. Zone of tolerance
Lower lethal Lower critical Upper critical Upper lethal temperature temperature temperature temperature Rano ge of environmental temperat