Please answer any topics/questions asked from Lecture 14 that are expected to be on Exam 4.
40questions -> 5 chapters
10 questions -> accumulative
Lecture 14:
. Be able to differentiate between the various neurological conditions (see Handout available in Canvas). Be able to answer the following: oWhat is the pathophysiology for each condition? 0 How does the condition present in individuals? 0 What is affected (sensation, motion, both)? 0 Is it reversible? o If there is a high correlation to death, what is the reason for it?
Be able to generally explain why an individual with a traumatic brain injury will present with:
o Altered consciousness: 0 Variant breathing pattern 0 Pupil changes 0 Eye reflex changes 0 Skeletal muscle movement changes
When would you see decorticate v. decerebrate posturing? Decorticate: hemispheric above midbrain
Decerebrate: diencephalon or midbrain
What is coup v. contrecoup injury?
Coup: impact against object (source of force) Countercoup: impact within skull (rebound)
(They heat the right temporal: coup: right temp, counter: left temp)
What does it mean when an injury is focal v. diffuse? Focal: specific and glorssly observable lesions (lesion seen in brain scan)
Diffuse: results from a "shaking" effect that produces strain and distortions in the brain (not
seen in brain scan)
What is affected during a spinal cord injury? How does a person present when injured? Bones, ligaments, joints of vertebral column, Motor neuron damaged. Person present... Loss of voluntary control Paralysis Decreased muscle tone Muscle atrophy Absent or decreased reflexes Know the presentation of individuals with spinal cord injury (slide 11) What is neuroplasticity and why is it important? Capability to recover from injury by training Be able to identify various causes for a cerebrovascular accident (cvA)
Hemorrhagic (ttoff) 50ff mortality Ischemia (80ff) Embolic (blood clot formation) Treatment: fibrinolytic
How does a person present when they are having a CVA? HEADACHE (RED FLAG) Weakness on one side of body Trouble speaking, understanding, visual disturbance What type of cVA is more common? More correlated with high mortality? Ischemia Hemorrhagic is high mortality What are the risk factors for having a CVA? Hypertension Afib (increase blood clot) Smoking High cholesterol Sedentary lifestyle (not activity) What are seizures? Sudden disorderly discharged of brain neurons Disruption of electrical function of the brain, alter brain function Tonic: contraction Clonic: relaxation 0 What causes seizures? . Sudden changes in the membrane potential of neurons (paroxysmal depolarization) 0 What are some triggers? - Hyperthermia, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia What is the difference between delirium and dementia? Delirium: abrupt onset, reversible if treated, fluctuating, altered levels of consciousness Dementia: - Slow, progressive failure, irreversible, decline in intellectual ability What is Alzheimer disease? Forgetfulness o What are its hallmarks? - Amyloid-rich senile plaque : Neurofibrillary tangles - Neuronal degeneration What are the stages? Early stage: trouble remembering recent event, name of people. not solve simple math Middle stage: forget simple tasks (brush teeth, comb hair), fail to recognize people
Late sage: aggressive, anxiety -> d/t not knowing the situation happenin