Neurotransmi er
Written Assignment Unit 4: Neurotransmitter
University of the People
HS 2211-01 Human anatomy and physiology -T1
Instructor -- Omar Tawfik
Sep. 26, 2022
Neurotransmier
Neurotransmitter, also known as chemical transmitter or chemical messenger, is any one of a
series of chemical agents that are secreted by neurons (nerve cells) in order to stimulate
other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells in the surrounding area.
According to what we've read, synapses are the connections that exist between neurons. These
connections can be chemical or electrical in their underlying nature. The majority of
synapses are chemical in nature. A chemical synapse is characterized by the release of
neurotransmitter from the presynaptic element, which then diffuses across the synaptic
cleft. A change in the postsynaptic membrane is brought about as a result of the
neurotransmitter's interaction with a receptor protein (the PSP). It is necessary to
deactivate the neurotransmitter or remove it from the synaptic cleft in order to restrict the
amount of time that the stimulus is present. (Betts et al., 2013)
It has been determined that there are numerous categories of neurotransmitters. Amino acids,
such as glutamate and glycine, monoamines, such as dopamine and norepinephrine,
peptides, such as somatostatin and opioids, and purines, such as adenosine triphosphate,
are the major classes of neurotransmitters. These classes are determined by the chemical
and molecular properties of the neurotransmitters (ATP). Some gaseous substances, such
as nitric oxide, can also act as neurotransmitters. Endogenous substances known as trace
amines, which are chemically related to monoamines and include tryptamine and the
phenethylamines, can also act as neurotransmitters. Nitric oxide is an example of one
such gaseous substance. (Britannica, 2022)
Neurotransmi er
THE STRUCTURES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS STRUCTURE KEY: Carbon atom o Hydrogen atom @Oxygen atom @ Nitrogen atom @ Rest of molecule ADRENALINE NORADRENALINE DOPAMINE SEROTONIN ght or flight neurotransmitter Concentration neurotransmitte Kood transmitte
!O6O Produced in stressful or excitir Afects attention resonding actions in the Increases heart rate & blood flow, leading to brain& invoved in fight or flight repone a physical boost & heightened awareness. Contracts blood vessels, increasing blood flow.
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Feelings of pleasure, and also acdiction movement, and motivation. People repea behaviours that lead to dopamine release.
Contributes to well-being & happiness; helps sleep cycle & cigestive system regulation Affected by exercise & light exposure.
GABA
ACETYLCHOLINE
GLUTAMATE Memory neurotransmitter
ENDORPHINS
Calming neurotransmitter
Euphoria neurotransmitter:
Cams firing nerves in CNS.High leves improve focus;low levels cause anxiety.Also contributes to motor control &vision.
Involved in thought, learning, & memory. Activates mus cle action in the body. Alsc associated with attention and awakening.
Most common brain neurotransmitter. Involved in leaming & memory,regulates development & creation of nerve contacts.
Reed uring eie,xiemen&sex producing well-being &euphoriareducing pain Biogiclly ative sction shwn
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Serotonin, a neurotransmitter that controls several neuropsychiatric processes, has been
implicated in the pathogenesis of depression.