ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER SIX REVIEW
6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
Body support, mobility facilitation, protection of internal organs, mineral and fat storage, and hematopoiesis are all important activities of bones. The muscular and skeletal systems are combined to form the musculoskeletal system (OpenStax, 2018).
6.2 Classification of Bones The shape of a bone can be used to classify it.
The femur is a long bone that is wider than it is long. Carpals, for example, are short bones with roughly identical height, breadth, and density. Flat bones, including the ribs, are thin yet often bent. Irregular bones, like those in the face, have no distinct shape. Sesamoid bones, like the patellae, are tiny, spherical, and embedded in tendons (OpenStax, 2018).
6.3 Bone Structure
The diaphysis of a long bone has a hollow medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow that runs the length of it. The diaphysis walls are made of dense bone. Spongy bone and crimson marrow fill the epiphyses, which are larger regions at each end of a long bone. As the organ expands in length, the epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage, is substituted by osseous tissue. The endosteum is a fragile membranous lining that lines the medullary cavity. The periosteum is a fibrous membrane that covers the outer layer of a bone, except in areas where articular cartilage is present. Two components of compact bone surround a surface of spongy bone in flat bones. The function and position of bones determine how they are marked. The function and position of bones determine how they are marked. Articulations are the points at which two bones come together. Projections are protrusions from the bone's surface that serve as attachment places for tendons and ligaments. Holes in the bones are holes or depressions. Collagen fibers and organic extracellular matrix, mostly hydroxyapatite produced from calcium salts, make up the bone matrix. Osteogenic cells become osteoblasts as they mature. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. When they become caught in the matrix, they become osteocytes, mature bone cells. Bone resorption is carried out by osteoclasts. Compact bone is thick and made up of osteons, whereas spongy bone is composed of trabeculae and is less dense. The nutrition foramina allow blood arteries and nerves to feed and innervate the bone (OpenStax, 2018).
6.4 Bone Formation and Development
All bone development is a process of replacement. Embryos grow a cartilaginous skeleton as well as a variety of membranes. These would be supplanted by bones during the ossification phase throughout development. The bone grows straight through layers of mesenchymal connective tissue in intramembranous ossification. The bone grows via substituting hyaline cartilage in endochondra ossification. The epiphyseal plate's activity allows bones to lengthen. Bones can expand in diameter
thanks to modeling.When bones are rendered inert and replaced with new bone,remodeling takes place. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder that causes the manufacturing of collagen to be disrupted, leading to brittle, weak bones (OpenStax, 2018).
6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
Closed or open reduction can be