Personality and Psychopathology DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders · List of psychiatric disorders with w list of diagnostic categories for someone to be diagnosed with the disorder. DSM - IV (4) · Axis 1: depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others - basically all psychological diagnostic categories except mental retardation and personality disorder · Axis 2: personality disorders - Borderline, obsessive-compulsive; narcissistic personality disorder, etc. DSM - V (5) · Now grouped on a single axis - Logic: no rational basis for separating personality disorders from Axis 1 conditions DSM-V Personality Disorders . Antisocial Borderline Avoidant · Dependent Narcissistic Histrionic · Obsessive-Compulsive Paranoid · Schizoid . Schizotypal Borderline Personality Disorder · A pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by 5 (or more) of the following: - Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment - A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation - Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self - Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). Note: Do not include suicidal or self- mutilating behaviour covered in Criterion 5. - Recurrent suicidal behaviour, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behaviour - Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days) Chronic feelings of emptiness - Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights) - Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms Medical vs Dimensional Model
· Dimensional - people differ in severity, PD more or less severly presented in different individuals · Diagnosis implies 'dichotomous' distinction · Problematic assumption as no obvious reason or having or not having Medical vs Dimension Debate: Widiger · Arguing DSM is invalid when talking about PD being categorical Widiger: Failures of Categorical Model · Excessive co-occurrence: - If these disorders are unique entities one should not see very much co-occurrence - i.e. we don't expect to see cancer diagnoses correlate with, say, heart problems. - However, many individuals with one personality disorder meet diagnostic criteria for others 1 PD they are not discrete disorders, many overlays - Excessive diagnosis because hard to distinguish between multiple - Sizeable proportion (c. 20%) with antisocial PD also meet diagnosis for narcissistic PD · Heterogeneity among persons with the same diagnosis - Two individuals can receive obsessive compulsive PD diagnosis, but share few of the clinical features · Unstable boundaries - How does one know when a clinical feature has been sufficiently met? - No clear-cut point where diagnosis can take place - abstract and subjective Haslam: · Empirical evidence contrasting categories vs dimensions · Taxometric research · Statistical test to test if you have categories or continuum ·