Personality and Psychopathology DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) · Was a significant, innovative shift in the classification of mental disorders, in part through its provision of operational diagnostic criterion sets and a multiaxial conceptualization (Widiger & Trull, 2007) · However, the question of whether mental disorders are discrete clinical conditions or arbitrary distinctions along underlying dimensions of functioning is a longstanding issue whose importance is increasing with the growing recognition of the limitations of the categorical model (Widiger & Trull, 2007) DSM-IV · Axis 1: depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others - basically all psychological diagnostic categories except mental retardation and personality disorder · Axis 2: personality disorders - borderline, obsessive-compulsive; narcissistic personality disorder, etc. DSM-V - now grouped on a single axis as there is no rational basis for separating personality disorders from Axis 1 conditions · a categorical classification that divides mental disorders into types based on criteria sets with defining features . The diagnostic categories were developed in the spirit of a traditional medical model that considers mental disorders to be qualitatively distinct conditions (Guze & Helzer, 1987) Antisocial Significant impairments in personality functioning manifest by: · Impairments in self functioning (a or b): a. Identity: Ego-centrism; self-esteem derived from personal gain, power, or pleasure b. Self-direction: Goal-setting based on personal gratification; absence of prosocial internal standards associated with failure to conform to lawful or culturally normative ethical behaviour · Impairments in interpersonal functioning (a or b):
a. Empathy: Lack of concern for feelings, needs, or suffering of others; lack of remorse after hurting or mistreating another b. Intimacy: Incapacity for mutually intimate relationships, as exploitation is a primary means of relating to others, including by deceit and coercion; use of dominance or intimidation to control others Pathological personality traits in the following domains: · Antagonism, characterized by: a. Manipulativeness - frequent use of subterfuge to influence or control others; use of seduction, charm, glibness, or ingratiation to achieve one's ends b. Deceitfulness - dishonesty and fraudulence; misrepresentation of self; embellishment or fabrication when relating events c. Callousness - lack of concern for feelings or problems of others; lack of guilt or remorse about the negative or harmful effects of one's actions on others; aggression; sadism d. Hostility - persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or irritability in response to minor slights and insults; mean, nasty, or vengeful behaviour · Disinhibition, characterized by: a. Irresponsibility - disregard for - and failure to honour - financial and other obligations or commitments; lack of respect for - and lack of follow through on - agreements and promises. b. Impulsivity - acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcomes; difficulty establishing and following plans c. Risk taking - engagement in dangerous, risky, and potentially self-damaging activities, unnecessarily and without regard for consequences; boredom proneness and thoughtless initiation of activities to counter boredom; lack of concern for