Lecture 2 Biological Classifications: - All life forms on this planet fall within five kingdoms: 1) Monera: Single celled, microscopic bacteria; most successful of all living organisms 2) Protista: algae/protozoans; unicellular eucaryotes 3) Plantae: the plants, photosynthetic organisms with cellulose cell walls 4) Fungi: Molds, yeasts, & mushrooms, organisms that decompose dead organisms 5) Animalia: The animals; organisms that eat other organisms & lack cellulose cell walls; often motile - Within each kingdom there are many different Phyla (plural of Phylum) - Only two kingdoms will be focused on in this course: Plantae and Animalia. The Animal Phyla: - Entoprocta: a group of small aquatic filter-feeders - Arthropoda: insects, arachnids, crustaceans - organisms with an exoskeleton - Annelida: segmented worms: earthworms, flatworms, leeches - Mollusca: bivalves, snails, slugs, squid, octopus - Echinodermata: starfish, sand dollars, sea urchins - Brachiopoda: a group of bivalved marine invertebrates - Echiura: A small group of non-segmented marine worms - Tardigrada: a small group of tiny, soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates - Chordata: All animals with a backbone (fish, reptiles, amphibians and mammals) - Rays and sharks are fish though do not have a back bone Pleistomollusca Conchifera Mollusca Gastropoda Bivalvia Scaphopoda Cephalopoda - This course will focus on o Antropoda: insects, arachnids, crustaceans o Mollusca: bivalves, snails, slugs, squid and octopus o Chordata: all animals with a backbone and a spinal cord (fish, reptiles, amphibians and mammals) Plant phyla 'divisions': - Bryophyta: mosses - Marcantiophyta: liverworts - Pteridophyta: primitive ferns and horsetails Aplacophora Neomeniomorpha CRUSTACEA" Snails and slugs (freshwater, land, sea) Bivalves (freshwater and marine) Tusk shells (marine) Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus (marine) Shell-less worm-like marine molluscs Chaetodermomorpha - Lycopodiophyta: clubmosses - Anthocerotophyta: hornworts - Pteridospermatophyta: seed ferns Aculifera" Polyplacophora Annelida Pteridospermatophyta: seed ferns - Pinophyta: conifers - Gingophyta: ginkos - Cycadophyta: cycads Bryophyta: mosses Marchantiophyta: liverworts Chitons (marine) Pinophyta: conifers Gingophyla: ginkos Cycadophyta: cycads - Anthophyta: flowering plants - In this course Anthrophyta (flowering plants) and Pinophyta (conifers) will be studied. Anthocerotophyta: hornworts Lycopodiophyta: clubmosses Pteridophyta: primitive ferns & horsetails
Antrophyta (flowering plants): - Typically the flowering plants and their seeds can either be monocots or dicots - Cotyledon: an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed - Monocots (monocotyledons) - only have one seed leaf inside the seed coat, this leaf is often only thin, because the endosphern to feed the new plant is no inside the seed leaf - e.g. rose, dogwood, sunflower - Dicots (dicotyledons) have two seed leaves inside the seed coat - these leaves are usually rounded and fat as they contain the endosperm to feed the embryo plant - e.g. lily, grass (poaceae) and asparagus. Amborellales: Amborella Nymphaeales: water lily Piperales: peppers Illiciales: Anise tree Magnoliales: Magnolia Laurales: Laurel Winterales: Moor pepper Chloranthales: Sarcandra and relatives Grammar: Monocot seed - Every name from the kingdom level down to the Genus is always capitalised. - Species names always have two parts - the genus name and the