Societies of control Smart city · People's minds programmed to work in a certain way when they know they are being watched · Governing of spaces is not limited to inside space · Smart phones allow new mobility but also exhibit new forms of control as always allow access to internet . New freedoms and being able to buy online all the time . It is difficult to disentangle ourselves from this data surveillance · Infrastructure of Songdo, South Korea built around efficiencies shown in data after reclaiming land and building city from scratch . Masdar, UAE home to 50,000 and planned to be completed by 2025 by Norman Foster, has 1500 businesses and some people already there, aims to be fossil free zone with zero waste, prohibits private transport as has its own rapid transit systems · Hudson's Yards, NYC (West of Manhattan), first 'quantified community' where everyone has to download an app and show lifestyle of amount of waste and water consumption, completely private development, legally allowed themselves to use photos taken their as their own data . Our data is shared all the time for our consumer habits (ordering uber eats, oyster cards, shopping etc) Big data . Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer is the world's biggest super computer is capable of 93 quadrillion calculations per second · Big data has come about as computational increases exponentially . When a data set becomes to large to analyse with traditional forms of computing methods, is too large to store on conventional servers, data generation becomes 'real time' · In contrast to small data which is sampled to provide larger assumptions whereas with big data the sample is everyone which is a lot Real time data · Data we give when we go to city - strava, contactless payment, oyster cards, Deliveroo, tinder, map routes - all produced as we move around the city, data then used to profile us . All of this data out there put together becomes big data that requires artificial intelligence to interpret how cities are run (and machine learning) · Often about corporate control so things can be sold and advertised to us, occasionally to improve safety Smart City Critiques · Smart cities are like any other urban development fad, containing problems, injustices and inequalities that need highlighted: o Surveillance o Codification o Privatisation o Hackability o Politics of data
Surveillance: · Idea that they can see everything · Panopticon o Prison designed to be managed by one person o Power manifests itself via the state - power has a place (Foucault 1975) o Make us feel like we are being watched · London in top 10 surveilled city (most others in China), we are captured on camera 300 times a day · Relates to smart city through soft power · If urban government increase surveillance then they are demanding good citizenship · Issues with how smart cities are using the data they generate to keep us in check as normally used for mundane purposes