What is surveillance and where does urban surveillance come from? 16/2/21 What and why? . 'Nothing to hide, nothing to fear' agree to an extent with this phrase but allows for those in power to further intrude · The new highly tech gives a reason to fear surveillance · Is it carried out to: o To watch over o To make safe o Reduce crime and theft o Create a feeling of safety o To collect evidence for prosecution · Involves close observation and surveillance of people who are already under suspension . Act of observing or being observed e.g. listening in to phone calls / shop CCTV · Influencing behaviour has become a feature of surveillance has risen · Collecting information that can advance the profit making of companies and cities such as the example of the cashless city - coins and notes were anonymous but not bank account transactions can be tracked, makes it harder for those without a bank account · Covert techniques used post world war and overt was too obvious - different objectives than trying to prevent people by the presence of CCTV Key qualities of surveillance and the Panopticon Mass surveillance Directed surveillance Intrusive surveillance · Surveillance by definition often urban with the unruly circulation and density of bodies to observe · 18th Century Panopticon prison design which incorporates central watch tower and prison cells around · Michel Foucault critical of this design idea, he believed sight ensures power . The impact of being viewed at all times influences thoughts and actions e.g. Facebook as a panopticon, feeling of being watched influences what we post The rise of CCTV · When did we have CCTV and when did it become so normal? · Central government funding for CCTV visual surveillance began in mid 1990s, embedded in police work and deterrents · Criminal deterrence creating no-go areas for criminals changing the use of space exclusive to those who are not criminals · Introduced on TFL as a watchful eye campaign to make journeys safer · CCTV increased from 1994 after the abduction of James Bulger case as was shown on camera in shopping centre but not outside By 1997 around a hundred million pounds were set aside for local authorities o In 1999 government offered 153 million to surveillance schemes answering questions of safety in the city o From 1992 to 2002 a quarter of a billion was invested o Half a billion invested from 2007 to 2012 · Assumptions made about CCTV:
o CCTV transcends temporal and spatial barriers - efficient o CCTV separates observation from intervention diluting police process 0 Fixed cameras eliminate discrimination - doesn't differentiate? · Rise of CCTV as an extension of panopticon watch prison into society more generally Privacy and discrimination Function creep · Data beginning life in public transport is now being used in police data records (administrative convenience permitted by new technologies and efficiencies) · Driven by enormous investment and government lobbying · Drone use increase has