Memory · memory is a host of systems that operate both complicity and explicitly · Creates the sense of self/identity, solving problems, communication Memory Stages: · Encoding - putting information in memory · Creating separate patterns for experiences (memory traces) · Storage - retaining encoded info · Maintenance and organization of patterns · what memories are remembered together · Retrieval · Cue from internal or external environment that completes a pattern of a stored memory (the trace) and reactivates the rest of the pattern · Pattern completion Ex) quilt Memory Systems (stores) - to become a long-term memory they need to go through these 3 systems first · Sensory memory - a quick scan, and store it for seconds . Short-term memory - if the info survives it moves here · Long-term memory - only if you decide that you need the info you move it into long term Sensory Memory - the most unprocessed form of the information · Echoic memory - a brief memory of the sound (few seconds) · Haptic memory - memory of the touch (few sec) · Iconic memory - visual information held briefly ( milliseconds) · Ex) persistence of vision - you resist to see something even when its done , like a sparkler , trail of light . Afterimages of the iconic memory (there is a time limit, very short) >Positive afterimage - the image persists afterwards for a fraction of a second, a sensory memory contains the original image ›Negative - a sensory memory contains the inverted colours from the original image. To do with photoreceptors in the eyes, they get overstimulated and leads to the inverse colours represented. · Sensory memory is short: George Sperling study · Whole report conditions: recall of the letters , people remember 4 or 5 letters from display -> small time limit · Partial report condition: same display, but 3 different beeps, testing time limit the sensory memory has a limit and a capacity for time and for amount of information The results: the capacity is large, but only lasts for seconds attentional processes move information form the sensory to short-term memory Short-Term Memory (STM) last longer than sensory memory - time limit is 20-30 seconds · The intermediate system between sensory and long-term · It has a time limit and also a capacity limit · Miller's "magical number seven plus or minus two" Separate STM stores: · Different kinds of STM for different information · Different areas of the brain are active for visual and verbal tasks · The distinction between from verbal and visual · A multicomponent working memory model - used to describe STM > Central executive component - manages what is processed and how, system allows to be dynamic. Central executive component that moves visual and verbal info from their stores to where system can process information consciously and manipulate information; allows dynamic thinking. ›Episodic buffer - intergrades info form many sources, explains how separate working memory systems intact · brings information