march 21 lecture: decision making & reasoning Event boundaries: physical (doorway) or scenario (before /after exam) define separate events in episodic memory (we forget after crossing event boundary) -> doorway effect: forget what we're thinking when we enter diff. room Decision-making: use heuristics Psychological theory: framing info. as well as emotions can guide now we assess risk > Framing effect & prospect theory 1088 gain >risk-averse linked to amygdala 1 prob risk seeking risk averse Econ- & prob theory risk average risk seeking neuroeconomics Production errors: change mood, after risk neuro science > > prediction error : outcome diff from expectation psych > have to update knowledge, fundamental for learning > bad prediction error + anxiety = activation of inhibition (don't learn) I bad prediction error+ curiosity = exploring options, enhances encoding Neuroeconomics: study of now we make decisions, formalizing theories, & > linking it to development of brain Decision making & reasoning: thought process that brings us to conclusion L> reasoning follows logic, but need to understand sometimes we don't always heuristics: when over-applied, we get biases >types: how we interpret & judge info, & how we product representativeness bias: probability smith is in a category bc. it resembles it Lover-use of shemas La base-rate neglect: ignoring important info (stats) > availability: the easter to remember, the more likely we think His > perceive other things as harder for us than others > > Illusory correlations: linking 2 co-occuring events & assuming a relationship 1
UT A D Deductive: formal systems for generating statements that will be true if rules are followed D syllogisms. > promises presumed to be true > determine if promise supports conclusion based on logic, not content > major promise (general); minor promise (specific) ; conclusion (test) ? promise " If A, then B "? conclusion >ex) all dogs are animals all animals have 4 legs. thus, all dogs have 4 leg 8. ( validity: is it logical? > all A are B. all B are C. Thus, all A are C. Types of syllogisms > all statements (all A aro B) La negative (no A is B, no B 18 A) > some ( some A are B) > Atmosphere effect: people rate conclusion as valid because of qualifying word="some", "all" D mental model: people construct mental simulations of the world based on statements (syllogisms) to judge logic & validity D > I " withholding is not as bad as doing" D D High-functioning autism: diff in emotional processing - more utilitarian D positive emotion Induction: healthy Individuals in more positive mood more utilitarian I can't imagine negative statements Omission bias: have more trouble reasoning negative info. I> react more strongly to harmful actions than inactions ventromedial prefrontal lesions: lower emotional response, more utilitarian response
Illusory correlation tabley: effect prosent abserit potential cause prosent test this box to disprove potential cause absent A Anchoring & adjustment heuristic: > > given random # 1-100, if high & ask ? after, give higher # > >