Cognition Midterm 2 Review Memory - Module 6 & 7 Routines and habit = implicit or procedural memory Define who we are, how you acted and how you will act in the future = semantic memory Reminisce about past experiences, use memory to communicate and form social bonds, and imagine our future = episodic memory Example: Clive Wearing's episodic memory was impaired (always lived in the moment), but he knew his wife (semantic memory) and could play the piano (procedural memory) - He could remember his wife because it became sort of as a fact for him, like common knowledge since it was engraved in his mind so much and knowledge is supported by other systems compared to the system for memory Stages of memory = encoding - storage - retrieval Encoding: learning new information = forming new "memory trace" as a neural code, processing information to form a memory = creating certain "patterns" for a particular event or experience in life = neural pattern - Definition Encoding: when a memory trace is formed as a hippocampal-cortical activity pattern - Break apart whatever you are experiencing to pieces and then store that memory as a pattern (pattern separation) - Part of the brain: Hippocampus = encodes memory = traces the pattern of brain activity across the cortex depending on the sense (vision= occipital, emotional= amygdala, etc .. ) Storage: retaining encoded memory trace/neural code = where we consolidate memories to form a strong memory trace in the brain, this takes time to be able to retrieve later on (recovering memory trace) - Definition Storage: when a memory is transformed into a stable cortical pattern - More time = consolidation of the memory
Retrieval: activating a memory trace via a cue (probably for a certain purpose) - Definition Retrieval: when a cue (part of memory trace) triggers pattern completion of the brain pattern The multi-store memory model or modal of memory: memory consists of these distincts memory: sensory register, a short term storage and long term storage Sensory input - sensory memory - short term memory - long term memory 1. Quick scan of the environment (very very short, milliseconds) a. Sensory memory - memories of sensory information, very useful to make quick actions b. Processed differently for each sense: gustatory (taste) olfactory (smell - is a very strong sense that triggers memory) echoic (sound - 3 seconds) haptic (touch - 2 seconds) iconic (visual information for a short period of time after you perceived it that are called after images which will persist) * Positive afterimage: a visual memory that represents the perceived image in the same colors (exactly what you saw) * Negative afterimage: a visual memory is the color inverse of the perceived image (last a bit longer) After Images: Sperling (1960) - He did an experiment where he showed participants a visual display of 3x4 rows of letters (showed very very quickly) and asked people to recall people as many letters as possible - One condition was