Amanda Tam Memory stages and systems · Memory stages a. Encoding: Putting information in memory. " Creating separate patterns for experiences (memory traces). b. Storage: Retaining encoded information. · Maintenance and organization of patterns. c. Retrieval: Recovering stored information to a cue. When a cue completes a pattern of a stored memory (the trace). · Memory systems (stores) 1. Sensory memory=seconds 2. Short-term memory ~ 30 seconds 3. Long-term memory=Minutes to years Multiple memory systems Encoding Storage Retrieval Sensory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Iconic Attentional control Implicit Non-Declarative; Non-Conscious Memory Procedural Priming Echoic Haptic Working Memory Explicit Declarative; Conscious Memory Episodic Semantic Sensory memory · Sensory memory a. Echoic memory " A sound-byte held for ~ three seconds. b. Haptic memory " A very brief memory of a touch. c. Iconic memory " Visual information held very briefly (milliseconds). > 'Persistence of vision' · Sensory Memory: Afterimages o Positive afterimage " A sensory memory contains the original image. Focus on the Cog Dog o Negative afterimage Quickly look up to the sky, and an image of her is there! " A sensory memory contains the inverted colors from the original image.
Amanda Tam Short term and working memory · How long does [sensory] memory last? o George Sperling's Study: Presented a visual display of 3 by 4 letters very quickly (0.05 seconds). Participants were asked to recall the letters from the display under two conditions. 1. Whole report: Report letters from the whole display. 2. Partial report: Report only one row of letters at a time. XNLB x R M J C N K P "BEEP!" 12 - Partial report condition with different delays V F L B 10 8 Array flashed for .05 seconds Whole report condition or low tone signais indicate which row to say Response Number of items 6 4 XRMJ x R M J 2 C N K P "BEEP!" 0 Tone before display 0 0.1 0.3 1 whole V F L B Sensory memory capacity is large, but only lasts for a second Within .01 - 1 seconds, a high/medium/low tone signals which row to report Array flashed for .05 seconds Response · Short term memory (STM) o Attentional processes move information from sensory to short term memory. The intermediate system between sensory and long-term memory. o Limited time: about 20 to 30 seconds. · Limited capacity > Miller's (1956) "magical number seven plus or minus two". · Separate STM stores o Neuroimaging studies show different areas of the brain are active for visual and verbal tasks short term memory tasks. o Reports of double dissociation in neuropsychological cases. " Patient ELD has problems recalling visual-spatial but not verbal material in the short term. " Patient PV has problems recalling verbal but not visual material in the short term. · A multicomponent working memory model Visuo-spatial sketch pad Central executive Phonological loop Baddeley, 2012
Amanda Tam · The phonological loop o Phonological store · Passive store for verbal information. > "The inner ear"