Bacteria (chapter 2): life cycle, shapes, extracellular structures Prokaryote: no true nucleus, nor membrane bound organelles, circular chromosome Eukaryote: True nucleus, membrane bound organelles, linear chromosome Extracellular structures: slime, capsule, s layer, Cell wall: peptidoglycan, outer and cytoplasmic membrane - Gram positive- thick peptidoglycan layer, one plasma membrane, teichoic acids - Gram negative- 2 membranes: outer and plasma membrane, think peptidoglycan layer, lipoproteins. Order (lipoproteins, outer membrane, peptidoglycan, plasma membrane Appendages: flagella, pilli Gram staining: flood cells with crystal violet (purple), treat with iodine, flood cells with alcohol (white if G- b/c penetrates OM), add counter stain (G+ purple, G- pink) Bacteria cell growth (chapter 3): lag, exponential, stationary, death phases (can estimate doubling time based on exponential phase) 4 common methods to measure bac cell: colony forming units (solid media), optical density (liquid media), biomass dry weight, direct microscope count. Environmental pressures: temp, solute conc, ph, oxygen conc, nutritional status - Temp: psychrophiles, enzymes that work at lower temp, weaker molecular interactions, in phospholipid and proteins - Solute conc: cell lysis or shrink depending on hypo or hypertonic envio. salt in strat: transport salt form environment to inside to balance out. o compatible solute strat: synthesize solutes in the cell tobalance out with external salt conc. - Ph levels: affects enzyme activity, protein folding. o Cope by maintaining cytoplasmic ph by controlling permeability to H+ (active transport protons in and out of cell) - Oxygen conc: hydroxyl poisioning by o2 o Cope with enzymes - Nutritional status: cell starve to death. o Sporulation, resistant to autoclaving SDS page (chapter 4): visualize by separating by size on gel, top-bigger protein, band thickness- concentration, limitations: ant show all proteins, can't tell if band is target protein, each band is mixture of some size proteins Western blot technique: run sds page, transfer to membrane (filter paper), add antibodies that bind to target protein, develop a photo of only target proteins.
(Chapter 5) Macronutrients make up macromolecules that make up biomass. Catabolism- dissimilatory energy derivation (break down) Anabolism- assimilation into biomass (use energy to build biomass) Metabolism= catabolismt anabolism Redox: - oxidation- donating electrons (from neutral to +) - reduction- accepting electrons (from neutral to -) Oxidized- go from H to O (loss of electrons) Reduced- go from O to H (gain of electrons) Decrease in O bonds and increase in H bonds= reduction of atom gains electron Increase in O bonds and decrease in H bonds= oxidation of atom loses electron Balancing: balance carbon atoms, balance oxygen (add h20 to any side that is deficient), balance H (add H to side that is deficient), balance charges (add e to side that carries the +H) Standard state: Grxn= Gproducts - Greactants (sum of reactants - products) Grxn pos: endergonic -needs energy Grxn neg: exergonic- releases energy Grxn zero: equilibrium non standard state Erxn= Grxn/nF (pos E is spontaneous) Erxn= Ecathode- Eanode Galvanic(pos), electrolytic (neg), E donor (anode), E acceptor (cathode) Enzymes: lowers activation energy, binds to reactants always favourable, binds substrates more strongly