Lecture 17&18 Motivation 2021?11?15? 10:37 Personality CONT Personality framework -Lexical approach "All important individual differences in personality are encoded in natural language 1.Look for all dictionary entries that are trait adjectives 2.Reduce list by eliminating synonyms, physical descriptors, temporary states, unfamiliar terms 3.Administer list of traits to participants to answer 4.Factor analysis -Factor analysis "How many facets - or factors - underlie a particular construct Five Factor Model of Personality Openness to experience = intelligence and curiosity about the world Conscientiousness = how responsible and dependable someone is Extraversion = how active and dominant someone is Agreeablenesse = how warm and pleasant an individual is Nuroticism = emotional instability and unpredictability NEO-PI-R - One of the more common scales used to assess personality - is the one that has been used to study personality across different cultures - Problem: use the same English words, translate them as closely as possible in a language, So i not really surprising that those same words are giving back those same five factors, "What if we used the lexical approach in another language? Indigenous Tagalog personality factors Gregariousness (Extraversion) = liking the company of others, talks a lot, humorous Self-assurance (Neuroticism) = assertive, brave, insensitive, not gullible Concern for others vs. egotism (Agreeableness) = not violent, humble, generous Conscientiousness (Conscientiousness) = dependable, hardworking, religious Intellect (Openness to experience) = clever, sensible, inquisitive, talented Two more factors with lexical approach Temperamentalness= emotional reactivity, hot-headedness, irritable (separate factor from self assurance) Negative valence= sadistic, social deviance, crazy "Question of universality depends on use of emic versus etic measures Emic measure (More variability): A measure is created from within a culture, and used to assess people from within the culture Etic measure (More universality): A measure is created from one culture, and exported for use in another culture (used more) Motivation "By the end of this lecture, you will be able to ... Differentiate between self-enhancement and self-effacement "Understand various compensatory strategies to satisfy the motivation of self-enhancement
·Provide alternative explanations of cultural variability in self-esteem Differentiate between the three components of overconfidence "Explain how cultures do and do not differ in the context of overconfidence -Self-esteem "How positive one's overall/global evaluation of oneself is: Low self-esteem: Person thinks there is nothing good about them High self-esteem: Person thinks everything is great about themselves Independent self-construal - Strong emphasis on having and maintaining high self-esteem - Self-enhancement - tendency to view selves positively and socially desirably - Motivated by desire to bolster self-image, demonstrate unique attributes Interdependent self-construal - Social categories, affiliations, social roles - Self-effacement - tendency to view selves in critical/disparaging manner - Motivated by desire to fit in with others, self-improve -Self-enhancement vs. self-effacement Independent self-construal(Self-enhancement) - More emphasis on positive traits - Try to not think about discrepancy between actual & ideal self - Predictive of depression symptoms (When discrepancy take place, moyivation take the hit from self-esteem and lead to self-enhancement) Interdependent self-construal - More attention paid to negative traits - Experience